Les phénomènes vibratoires à haute fréquence dans les amortisseurs sont défavorables du point de vue de la qualité sonore du véhicule. Les efforts transmis de l’amortisseur à la caisse, situés dans une bande de fréquences entre 200 Hz et 800 Hz, sont responsables du bruit que l’on appelle « gloglottement ». Ce bruit nait dans l’amortisseur lorsque la voiture roule sur une route dégradée et se transmet à la caisse par voie solidienne. La compréhension du phénomène de gloglottement et sa prédiction nécessitent l’identification des mécanismes physiques qui vont générer des pics d’efforts et des vibrations hautes fréquences. Ceux-ci sont liés aux comportements de l’huile de l’amortisseur, des composants mécaniques internes et des interactions entre ces éléments. Les moyens mis en oeuvre pour cette étude sont d’une part le développement d’un modèle d’amortisseur qui prend en compte la modélisation de la dynamique des clapets, des effets de « stiction » des clapets, du frottement et des relations entre les pertes de charges et les débits. D’autre part, une campagne d’essais a permis de construire le modèle et de le valider. La simulation permet de reproduire les phénomènes physiques observés à la mesure et ainsi d’identifier les mécanismes à l’origine du bruit, comme l’ouverture du clapet à ressort et la « stiction » à l’ouverture du clapet anti-retour. La sensibilité de la réponse vibratoire haute fréquence du modèle vis-à-vis de ses paramètres est évaluée avec la méthode de Morris. De plus, des orientations sont données sur la valeur des paramètres de conception dans le but de minimiser les pics d’efforts générés par l’amortisseur. / High-frequency vibratory phenomena in shock absorbers are not suitable for the car sound quality. Forces (in the frequency range [200-800] Hz) transmitted from the shock absorber to the car body are responsible for the so-called "rattling noise". This structure-borne noise is starting from the shock absorber when the car drives over a rough road and is transmitted to the car body by structural transfer path. In order to understand and predict the phenomena, physical mechanisms generating high-frequency vibrations and peaks in the shock absorber response must be identified. These mechanisms are closely related to oil behaviour, internal mechanical components and interactions between all these elements. The present work consists on the one hand in modelling the shock absorber taking into account valve dynamics, valve stiction, friction and loss of pressure relations in the orifices. On the other hand, experimental shock absorber testing was conducted in order to build the model and to validate it. Model simulations reproduce observed phenomena in the experiments and helped us to identify the mechanisms leading to structure-borne noise, like spring valve opening and check-valve stiction. Sensitivity of the model response due to its input parameters was evaluated with Morris method. Moreover, some guidances are given in order to reduce the level of structure-borne noise generated by the shock absorber.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第18995号 / 工博第4037号 / 新制||工||1621(附属図書館) / 31946 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科材料化学専攻 / (主査)教授 田中 勝久, 教授 平尾 一之, 教授 三浦 清貴 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DGAM

To support the growing global demand for energy, new sustainable solutions are needed both economically and environmentally. Thermoelectric waste heat recovery and energy harvesting could contribute by increasing industrial process efficiency, as well as powering stand-alone devices, microgenerators, and small body appliances.The structural complexity of quaternary chalcogenide materials provides an opportunity for engineering defects and disorder, to modify and possibly improve specific properties. Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS, often kesterite), valued for the abundance and non-toxicity of the raw materials, seems particularly suited to explore these possibilities, as it presents several structural defects and polymorphic phase transformations. The aim of this doctoral work is to systematically investigate the effects of structural polymorphism, disorder, and defects on the thermoelectric properties of CZTS, with particular emphasis to their physical origin. A remarkable case is the order-disorder transition of tetragonal CZTS, which is found responsible for a sharp enhancement in the Seebeck coefficient due to a flattening and degeneracy of the electronic energy bands. This effect, involving a randomization of Cu and Zn cations in certain crystallographic planes, is verified in bulk and thin film samples, and applications are proposed to exploit the reversible dependence of electronic properties on disorder. Low-temperature mechanical alloying is instead discovered stabilizing a novel polymorph of CZTS, which disordered cubic structure is studied in detail, and proposed deriving from sphalerite-ZnS. The total cation disorder in this compound provides an uncommon occurrence in thermoelectricity: a concurrent optimization of Seebeck coefficient, electrical and thermal conductivity. These findings, besides providing new and general understanding of CZTS, can cast light on profitable mechanisms to enhance the thermoelectric performance of semiconducting chalcogenides, as well as delineate alternative and fruitful applications.