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The development of single-chip transmitters and receivers is hindered by several obstacles. The main difficulties include the low quality factor of MMIC filters, limited output power of solid state devices at millimeter-wave frequencies, and poor frequency stability of monolithic oscillators. This research investigates novel techniques to overcome these challenges. The scope of work includes proposal of new circuit structures and techniques, theoretical analyses, MMIC realisations and experimental verifications with measured results. To reduce filtering requirements, single-ended and single-balanced resistive mixers, utilising a unique resonance technique to achieve port isolations, are developed for V-band direct conversion receivers. A double-balanced resistive mixer, with high input power capability to reduce output power amplification requirements is also developed for millimeter-wave transmitters. A distributed resistive mixer is proposed to achieve wideband performance with low intermodulation. As an alternative to the use of baluns for generating anti-phase signals required in balanced mixers, a balanced oscillator is introduced. This novel oscillator can also operate as a power combining oscillator to obtain higher output power. In addition, a transmission-line stabilising technique can be applied to improve the oscillator phase noise. For the analysis of mixer circuits, the large-signal / small-signal analysis technique is extended to the case of multiple device mixers. For baluns used in the balanced mixers, a simplified analysis is applied, leading to a new class of impedance transforming baluns, which can be matched at all ports. The MMIC mixers, oscillator and baluns are realised using Marconi Caswell Ltd. foundry process. The performances of the fabricated MMICs are verified using on-wafer measurements. Theoretical analyses of the multiple device mixers and baluns are in good agreement with experimental results. The oscillator power combining and frequency stabilising techniques are also demonstrated experimentally.

The study aims to gain a better understanding and explore how a selected group (receivers) perceive two elected advertising images from Indiska and Vila and then compare their opinions to what Indiska and Vila themselves want to communicate. We base the study on theories of encoding / decoding, which deals with how the companies charge their advertising images with values and how recipients decodes these values. A qualitative study was carried out based on analytical induction (planning, collection and analysis). Through the analytical method of induction, we created categories based on the collected data and put them in relation to each other. The result showed that the overall impression of the images' and the context are of great importance for how our respondents perceive the advertising images. The overall impressions convey emotion that reinforces the expression and the message. The respondents partially perceived the transmitters' message in the pictures, but some elements did not match the transmitters' intention. We also made a reception analysis to find out whether the nursery place of our respondents made a difference in how they interpreted the advertising images. Although we could not reveal any significant difference between these groups, we still believe that social, cultural and economic background matters when it comes to interpretation.

<p> </p><p> </p><p><p>The study aims to gain a better understanding and explore how a selected group (receivers) perceive two elected advertising images from Indiska and Vila and then compare their opinions to what Indiska and Vila themselves want to communicate. We base the study on theories of encoding / decoding, which deals with how the companies charge their advertising images with values and how recipients decodes these values.</p><p>A qualitative study was carried out based on analytical induction (planning, collection and analysis). Through the analytical method of induction, we created categories based on the collected data and put them in relation to each other. The result showed that the overall impression of the images' and the context are of great importance for how our respondents perceive the advertising images. The overall impressions convey emotion that reinforces the expression and the message. The respondents partially perceived the transmitters' message in the pictures, but some elements did not match the transmitters' intention.</p><p>We also made a reception analysis to find out whether the nursery place of our respondents made a difference in how they interpreted the advertising images. Although we could not reveal any significant difference between these groups, we still believe that social, cultural and economic background matters when it comes to interpretation.</p></p>