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My diploma paper is concerned with problems of consumer's relationship to the communal waste. The aim of my work is to identify which factors influence the consumer's decision making about how to dispose of the communal waste. I focus on both economic and noneconomic incentives like social norms, altruism, motivation or information. Which role does the state play? I follow with legislative problems and different ways of waste disposal in the Czech republic with the comperison with the European Union. I focus more on recycling both the positive and negative view. In the second, practical part of my work I use the questionnaire. The results will be used for analysis of factors which influence the consumer's decision making.

Subject matter of the diploma thesis is a crisis on the market for secondary raw materials. The crisis was observed in the end of 2008 and in beginning of 2009. The diploma thesis is deal with current situation on the market for recycling and identifying its specifics. First, it is focused on the European Packaging Waste Directive institutional framework of the market for recycling. Consequently it is discussed how successful is implemented Directive in each European Union member country. The second chapter is about the market for recycling and about the recent crisis. In the third chapter we discover causes and consequences in connection with the collapse and we will confront with specialists through the interviews. In the last part of the diploma thesis is suggested original solution.

A indústria eletro-eletrônica vem aumentando a quantidade de sucatas geradas anualmente. Por este motivo necessita-se de reciclagem, para que se evite o desperdício de matérias-primas e de recursos naturais não-renováveis. A maioria dos produtos eletro-eletrônicos não recebe tratamento pós-consumo sendo depositada em aterros sanitários junto com o resíduo doméstico.Os resíduos eletro-eletrônicos são caracterizados pela presença de metais distribuídos em placas de circuito impresso, fios e cabos elétricos e componentes eletrônicos em geral. No caso da reciclagem de fios e cabos ainda persistem práticas incorretas, como a queima do plástico para aproveitamento do metal, que elimina o polímero em vez de aproveitá-lo. A solução para este problema está no reaproveitamento destes metais e polímeros contidos nos resíduos eletro-eletrônicos. Assim, deixarão de ser perdidas quantidades de alumínio, cobre, e polímeros presentes nos cabos, os quais poderão gerar receitas para o processo, já que estes são indispensáveis ao processo de fabricação. O objetivo deste trabalho é estudar a reciclagem dos cabos tipo cordão paralelo e flexível através de operações unitárias de Tratamento de Minérios. O tratamento da sucata iniciou-se com a seguinte seqüência: moagem, separação granulométrica, separação em meio denso, separação eletrostática, atrição, bateamento e elutriação. Ao final destes processos observou-se que as operações unitárias utilizadas na pesquisa obtiveram concentrados de cobre com baixo grau de contaminação, porém com exceção da elutriação, todas precisam de uma outra técnica para complementá-las. Com os resultados obtidos, concluiu-se que a moagem em moinho de facas com grelha de 3mm seguida de elutriação possibilita a separação do material polimérico, assim como, a obtenção de um concentrado de cobre. / The electro-electronics industry follows increasing the amount of scraps annually generated. For this reason it is necessary to recycle, so that it prevents the waste of raw materials and not renovable natural resources. The majority of the electro-electronic products do not receive any treatment after use and is disposed in municipal landfills together with solid wastes (MSW). The electro-electronic wastes are characterized by metal presence distributed in printed circuits, wires and cables and electronic components in general. In the case of the recycling of wires and cables incorrect practices still persist, as the burning of the plastic for recovery of the metal, thus eliminating the polymer instead of using it to advantage. The solution for this problem is in the recovery of the metals and polymers contained in the electro-electronic wastes. Thus, amounts of aluminum, copper, and polymers contained in the cables will not be lost, that way they will be able to generate resources for the process, since these substances are indispensable to the manufacture process. The objective of this work is to study the recycling of the parallel and flexible cables through Mineral Processing unit operations. The treatment of the scrap was initiated with the following sequence: grinding, size classification, density separation, electrostatic separation, attrition, panning and elutrition. To the end of this process concentrate conductor of copper with low degree of contamination were achieved. However, with exception of elutrition, all they need another technique to complement them. With the gotten results, it can be concluded that the milling in knives mill with 3mm grate followed of elutrition makes possible the separation of the polymeric material, as well as, the attainment of a copper concentrate.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, 2009. / Härtill 5 uppsatser. "Based on joint research training between SLU and Makerere University"

Wind energy, one of the most promising sources of clean energy, has developed rapidly over the last two decades. Wind turbines (WT) are arguably clean during operation, offering minimal pollution and zero CO2 emissions, but significant amounts of energy are used and CO2 emitted during their manufacture, and, furthermore, the turbines are environmentally problematic at end-of-life (EoL), especially the blades. WT blades are mainly made with composite materials comprising thermosetting resin and glass fibre. They are lightweight and strong but problematic to recycle. Large volumes of waste will be generated when these WT blades are decommissioned and environmental concerns have been raised. The main aim of this study is to understand the environmental impact of wind turbine blades and to find solutions to reduce it. A quantitative method is adopted, first evaluating the WT blade waste inventory then calculating its environmental impact, and finally analysing the differences between all possible EoL options in terms of environmental and financial performance. The results firstly identify the global wind turbine blade waste inventory with detailed generation time and location which could help policy makers to gain an understanding of the size and severity of this problem. Secondly, the outputs indicate where most impact is generated and identify what to prioritise to reduce waste and reduce environmental impact, which is of value to blade manufacturers and other stakeholders. Moreover, this work highlights previous incorrect assumptions and provides findings to build on for future work. Thirdly, ‘optimal’ EoL options for the WT blade waste have been characterized: the current ‘optimal’ EoL option is life extension; mechanical recycling is the current ‘optimal’ recycling option; chemical recycling will be the ‘optimal’ option for the future. Future research is suggested as aiming to improve the performance of recycled fibre or to reduce the energy consumption of recycling processes.

A indústria eletro-eletrônica vem aumentando a quantidade de sucatas geradas anualmente. Por este motivo necessita-se de reciclagem, para que se evite o desperdício de matérias-primas e de recursos naturais não-renováveis. A maioria dos produtos eletro-eletrônicos não recebe tratamento pós-consumo sendo depositada em aterros sanitários junto com o resíduo doméstico.Os resíduos eletro-eletrônicos são caracterizados pela presença de metais distribuídos em placas de circuito impresso, fios e cabos elétricos e componentes eletrônicos em geral. No caso da reciclagem de fios e cabos ainda persistem práticas incorretas, como a queima do plástico para aproveitamento do metal, que elimina o polímero em vez de aproveitá-lo. A solução para este problema está no reaproveitamento destes metais e polímeros contidos nos resíduos eletro-eletrônicos. Assim, deixarão de ser perdidas quantidades de alumínio, cobre, e polímeros presentes nos cabos, os quais poderão gerar receitas para o processo, já que estes são indispensáveis ao processo de fabricação. O objetivo deste trabalho é estudar a reciclagem dos cabos tipo cordão paralelo e flexível através de operações unitárias de Tratamento de Minérios. O tratamento da sucata iniciou-se com a seguinte seqüência: moagem, separação granulométrica, separação em meio denso, separação eletrostática, atrição, bateamento e elutriação. Ao final destes processos observou-se que as operações unitárias utilizadas na pesquisa obtiveram concentrados de cobre com baixo grau de contaminação, porém com exceção da elutriação, todas precisam de uma outra técnica para complementá-las. Com os resultados obtidos, concluiu-se que a moagem em moinho de facas com grelha de 3mm seguida de elutriação possibilita a separação do material polimérico, assim como, a obtenção de um concentrado de cobre. / The electro-electronics industry follows increasing the amount of scraps annually generated. For this reason it is necessary to recycle, so that it prevents the waste of raw materials and not renovable natural resources. The majority of the electro-electronic products do not receive any treatment after use and is disposed in municipal landfills together with solid wastes (MSW). The electro-electronic wastes are characterized by metal presence distributed in printed circuits, wires and cables and electronic components in general. In the case of the recycling of wires and cables incorrect practices still persist, as the burning of the plastic for recovery of the metal, thus eliminating the polymer instead of using it to advantage. The solution for this problem is in the recovery of the metals and polymers contained in the electro-electronic wastes. Thus, amounts of aluminum, copper, and polymers contained in the cables will not be lost, that way they will be able to generate resources for the process, since these substances are indispensable to the manufacture process. The objective of this work is to study the recycling of the parallel and flexible cables through Mineral Processing unit operations. The treatment of the scrap was initiated with the following sequence: grinding, size classification, density separation, electrostatic separation, attrition, panning and elutrition. To the end of this process concentrate conductor of copper with low degree of contamination were achieved. However, with exception of elutrition, all they need another technique to complement them. With the gotten results, it can be concluded that the milling in knives mill with 3mm grate followed of elutrition makes possible the separation of the polymeric material, as well as, the attainment of a copper concentrate.

This qualitative diploma thesis deals with a specific view of art from the perspective of social science disciplines and in connection with the environmental problems of today. The theoretical part of the work is devoted to selected social and cultural concepts of the contemporary world, especially consumer society, waste and art, which puts in the context of the climate crisis. It describes the attributes of consumer society, the consequences of overproduction and consumption in the form of waste, which I further look through with the artistic eye. It addresses the social functions of art, its anchoring in social consciousness and the relationship with science. The empirical part of the work offers a view of the artistic environment, especially young artists on the climate crisis in both personal life and creation. It describes their motivations and limits leading to the sustainable implementation of the concept or activist approach to the audience in order to contribute to a better society. The work thus deals with the important role of artistic creation in our society. Keywords mass production, consumer society, climate change, recycling, waste material, art, activism

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-08T17:19:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 resumo.pdf: 33365 bytes, checksum: c0d79b06b712dd7d33a99ff2c405578a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-26 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The silica refractory is nowadays one of the most used linings in the world due to its excellent cost/benefit ratio. The silica sand is available in abundance in the market for use as a raw material for production of ordinary applications refractories, and this does not encourage the search for new usages of its wastes. However, in some industrial sectors where the natural raw materials are used, it has been noticed an increased difficulty to find materials with adequate purity grades to its applications. Furthermore, most of the productive sector is looking for alternatives to reduce the generation of industrial wastes that must be disposed in specific landfills. In this study one aimed to evaluate the potential use of a waste from the synthesis of SiO2 refractory for the application with Alkaline Sodium Silicate and Silica Refractory Paste. This paste is utilized as lining for Ingots and Pouring Ladles in the Foundry Process. This proposal is supported by the demand of Tupy S/A to recover that waste. This company is totally committed to the environment care of your productive processes, always aiming the reduction of wastes generation and its discard. In this proposal it was considered an initial processing stage to partially remove the excess iron present in the wastes that is deleterious to the silica lining. The refractories were produced making waste additions up to 100% in weight. The obtained refractories characterizations, as well as each process step efficiency evaluation, were done through techniques like thermal analysis, X-ray diffraction analysis, grain size distribution curves and ambient temperature compression strength measurements. The results showed good performance with the addition of silica waste, especially a significant increase in ambient temperature compression strength; provided by incorporation of the waste with higher amount of grain small, medium and large. The economic viability of the economy is considerable and preservation of raw materials, conventional silica sand, and the reuse of waste silica mix, avoiding disposal at a landfill. / O refratário de sílica é hoje um dos revestimentos mais utilizados no mundo pelo seu excelente custo/benefício. A areia de sílica como matéria prima para a obtenção de refratários de uso convencional está disponível no mercado em abundância, o que não incentiva a busca por alternativas para a reutilização de seus resíduos. Entretanto, em diversos setores industriais onde matérias primas naturais são utilizadas tem notado o aumento na dificuldade de obtenção de materiais com grau de pureza adequado a suas aplicações. Além disso, todo o setor produtivo tem buscado por alternativas para redução da geração de resíduos industriais a serem descartados em aterros específicos. O presente trabalho busca avaliar o potencial do uso de um resíduo refratário na síntese de refratário de SiO2 para aplicação com Massa Refratária de Silica e Silicato de Sódio Alcalino (MRSNA) para revestimentos de lingoteiras e panelas de vazamento utilizados no processo de Fundição. Esta proposta está baseada na necessidade da reutilização desse resíduo pela empresa Tupy S. A. Esta empresa tem como premissa a constante preocupação ambiental nos seus processos produtivos, buscando sempre a redução da geração de resíduos ou descarte destes. Para o desenvolvimento desta proposta foi considerada inicialmente uma etapa de beneficiamento para a remoção parcial do excesso de ferro presente no resíduo que é um contaminante para o revestimento de sílica. Os refratários foram produzidos considerados adições de resíduos em teores em peso de resíduo de até 100%. Para a caracterização dos refratários obtidos, assim como para avaliação da eficiência das diferentes etapas de processamento foram utilizadas ferramentas como análise térmica, difratometria de raios-X, construção de curvas de distruibuição granulométrica e medidas de resistência à compressão a tempertura ambiente. Os resultados mostraram um bom desempenho com a adição do resíduo de sílica, especialmente um aumento significativo na resistência à compressão à temperatura ambiente; proporcionado por uma curva de distribuição granulométrica heterogênea (grãos pequenos, médios e grandes). A viabilidade econômica é considerável pela economia e preservação da matéria prima, areia de sílica convencional, e pela reutilização do resíduo de sílica mix, evitando o seu descarte em aterro industrial.

En Guadeloupe, depuis 2008, les autorités locales ont fortement encouragé l’organisation des filières de traitement des déchets. En ce qui concerne les déchets organiques, une voie privilégiée de valorisation est le recyclage en compost. Dans cette thèse nous étudions les conditions d’émergence d’une filière de recyclage des déchets organiques du territoire à travers l'analyse des conditions d'adoption de la pratique d’utilisation de composts par les agriculteurs. Nous nous appuyons sur une approche originale combinant une analyse ex post des pratiques actuelles et des perceptions des agriculteurs et une analyse ex ante par Choice Experiment de leviers visant à favoriser l’adoption des composts. Nous testons donc des leviers d’ordre biotechniques concernant les propriétés des composts et les modalités de leur utilisation, et des leviers d’ordre économiques à travers des Mesures Agro-environnementales et Climatiques (MAEC), afin de proposer aux décideurs politiques des leviers d’actions pertinents. Nous constatons que le taux d’adoption est faible (18%) et dépend fortement de la filière agricole, des caractéristiques socio-économiques des agriculteurs et du manque d'organisation de la filière de recyclage des déchets (p.ex. information, transport, épandage, subventions). Nous montrons que les agriculteurs sont sensibles, sur le plan biotechnique, à une amélioration de la valeur fertilisante des composts ainsi qu’à un accompagnement logistique pour son transport et son épandage et, sur le plan économique, à la mise en place d’un dispositif d’accompagnement administratif et à une incitation collective sous la forme d’un bonus monétaire conditionnel versé individuellement aux agriculteurs. Dans l'ensemble, les résultats de ce travail montrent que les agriculteurs ne sont pas réfractaires à une utilisation conséquente et régulière du compost, à condition que les verrous organisationnels que nous avons identifiés soient levés, et que la valeur agronomique des composts répond aux attentes des filières agricoles. Des plans de développement peuvent maintenant être définis et mis en œuvre à l’échelle du territoire pour développer l’utilisation massive de composts issus du recyclage des déchets organiques du territoire. / Due to the limited availability of landfill sites, local authorities have strongly encouraged since 2008 the structuration of waste treatment channels. As concerns the organic wastes, a special attention has been paid for recycling them through composting. In this study, we focused on the conditions of development of a sector for recycling organic wastes in Guadeloupe through the assessment of the conditions affecting compost adoption by farmers. In order to identify and evaluate the determinants of farmers 'choices, we applied an original approach combining an ex-post analysis of current practices and farmers' perceptions, and an ex-ante analysis using the Choice Experiment method of levers for facilitating the adoption of compost. We test biotechnical levers concerning compost properties and the facilitation of practices with technical support, and economic levers mainly focused on the implementation of new AgroEnvironmental Schemes (AES) to promote economically the composts. We observed that the adoption rate is relatively low (18% of farmers) and highly dependent on the agricultural sector (i.e. banana, sugarcane, vegetables and food crops), the socio-economic characteristics of the farmers and the lack of organization of the waste recycling chain (e.g., information, transport, spreading, subsidies). We demonstrated that farmers are very sensitive to the improvement of compost quality by increasing its fertilizer value, as well as to the logistical, economic and administrative support for its transport and spreading. They are also willing to participate in a collective incentive in the form of a conditional monetary bonus paid individually to farmers. The results of this study indicated that farmers are not reluctant to a regular use of compost provided that organizational barriers identified are removed, and that the agronomic value of the composts meets the expectations of farmers. Regional plans can now be defined and implemented to develop the massive use of compost from the recycling of organic waste in Guadeloupe.