曾瑞明. / "2004年8月". / 論文(哲學碩士)--香港中文大學, 2004. / 參考文獻 (leaves i-xii). / 附中英文摘要. / "2004 nian 8 yue". / Zeng Ruiming. / Lun wen (zhe xue shuo shi)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue, 2004. / Can kao wen xian (leaves i-xii). / Fu Zhong Ying wen zhai yao. / 論文摘要 / 鳴謝 / 導論：哈貝馬斯的交談倫理學槪論 / 甚麼是交談倫理學？ --- p.1-2 / 哈貝馬斯的交談倫理學 --- p.3-5 / 本文的工作 --- p.5-8 / Chapter 第一章： --- 康德的道德哲學與交談倫理學 / Chapter 1.1 --- 普遍法則的程式 --- p.9-13 / Chapter 1.2 --- 普遍化測試的原理 --- p.13-16 / Chapter 1.3 --- 不道德的行爲是否必然是不理性的行爲？ --- p.17-18 / Chapter 1.4 --- 爲什麼一個人必須意願他的格準能普遍化？ --- p.19-20 / Chapter 1.5 --- 「普遍化下的不一致」與「非普遍化下的不一致」 --- p.20-22 / Chapter 1.6 --- 人性的程式 --- p.22-26 / Chapter 第二章： --- 利益的協調 / Chapter 2.1 --- 引言 --- p.27-28 / Chapter 2.2 --- 倫理與道德的對立 --- p.28-38 / Chapter 2.3 --- 可普遍化利益 --- p.38-39 / Chapter 2.4 --- 實在論與普遍化利益 --- p.39-41 / Chapter 2.5 --- 創造進路 --- p.41-43 / Chapter 2.6 --- 詮釋進路 --- p.43-48 / Chapter 第三章： --- 普遍原則的證立 / Chapter 3.1 --- 引言 --- p.49-52 / Chapter 3.2 --- 「證立規條」的意思(前提一) --- p.52-53 / Chapter 3.3 --- 語用上論辯的預設(前提二) --- p.53-56 / Chapter 3.4 --- 推出對話式的普遍原則 --- p.56-58 / Chapter 3.5 --- 交談倫理學的有效性 --- p.59-70 / Chapter 3.6 --- 言行的矛盾 --- p.70-77 / Chapter 第四章： --- 交談原則 / Chapter 4.1 --- 引言 --- p.78-82 / Chapter 4.2 --- 「詮釋」的論證 --- p.82-83 / Chapter 4.3 --- 「不扭曲利益」的論證 --- p.83-88 / Chapter 4.4 --- 「共同的意向」的論證 --- p.89-90 / Chapter 4.5 --- 交談原則與有關什麼是正確的道德規條的判斷的客觀性 --- p.91-94 / Chapter 4.6 --- 對麥克馬和哈貝馬斯的一些批評 --- p.94-100 / Chapter 4.7 --- 結論 --- p.100-101 / Chapter 第五章： --- 交談倫理學與道德建構論 / Chapter 5.1 --- 後形上學進路 --- p.102-107 / Chapter 5.2 --- 道德建構論與交談倫理學 --- p.107-112 / Chapter 5.3 --- 實在論者的可能反駭 --- p.112-116 / Chapter 5.4 --- 道道德建構主義、交談倫理學與相對主義 --- p.116-124 / Chapter 5.5 --- 哈貝馬斯的溝通行動理論 --- p.125-130 / 結論和展望 --- p.131-133 / 參考書目 --- p.I-XII

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006. / The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file viewed on (Mar. 1, 2007). Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (doctoral)--Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität zu Berlin, 1912. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Proefschrift--Utrecht. / "Stellingen": [3] p. inserted. Vita. Erratum slip inserted. Bibliography: p. 140-146.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2001. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 178-181).

published_or_final_version / Philosophy / Master / Master of Philosophy

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No description available.

Singularities have been a long-standing problem in general relativity. In all other fields of physics, singularities can be easily located and avoided; in general relativity, singularities have an impact on the creation of the manifold, but, by definition, are not even part of real spacetime. Moreover, all singularities in general relativity cannot be treated in the same manner; thus, the classification of singularities is essential in order to understand them. One important class of singularities is curvature singularities, which, in some cases, can be subclassified as central, shell focusing or shell crossing singularities. We propose to further classify curvature singularities as either gravitational or non-gravitational. In general relativity, a curvature singularity is ``located'' where the scalar invariants of the spacetime are undefined. The gradient field of a non-zero scalar invariant can then be calculated, and the end points of the associated integral curves can be determined. If integral curves are attracted to (i.e. intersect) the singularity, then it is a gravitational singularity; if the integral curves avoid the singularity, then it is a non-gravitational singularity. We will test our method by analysing several different spacetimes, including Friedman-Lemaitre-Robertson-Walker, Schwarzschild, self-similar Vaidya, self-similar Tolman-Bondi, non-self-similar Vaidya, and Kerr spacetimes. We find that in every case studied, the integral curves have specific end points, therefore they can be used to classify a curvature singularity as gravitational or non-gravitational. In Friedman-Lemaitre-Robertson-Walker and Schwarzschild spacetimes, we determined that the a(t) = 0 and r = 0 singularities, respectively, are gravitational singularities. In Vaidya and Tolman-Bondi spacetime, we determine that the massless shell focusing singularities are non-gravitational singularities and that the central singularities (which have mass) are gravitational singularities. We also find that the non-gravitational singularities are the only singularities that have the possibility of being naked. In summary, we can determine which singularities are gravitational and which are non-gravitational by our method of examining the end points of the integral curves, which are constructed from the gradient field of scalar invariants. / Thesis (Master, Physics, Engineering Physics and Astronomy) -- Queen's University, 2008-07-21 17:13:27.992