Arbitration as a process of dispute resolution has been pivotal in addressing a lot of business needs to have the dispute resolved within a short period and with less inconveniences to their business. The principle of confidentiality gives impetus to the process. The skill of the arbitrators and the general party autonomy has made the process and awards to be fully complied. Despite the monumental progress made in the field of arbitration as a means of dispute settlement, the process has been beset by reversal which is inherent in the Arbitration Act itself thereby whittling down the advantages ascribed to the process. To this end, the study therefore highlights the historical development of arbitration in Zambia. The process of arbitration and its role in enhancing access to justice will also be examined. The advantages and how the same have been weakened by the Arbitration Act, other legislations and indeed the interpretive impositions by the court will be investigated. Among other provisions which fly in the teeth of the entire process is its usually unqualified attachment to the court system without cognisance of the aspiration of the entire process of arbitration. To redress these weaknesses in the Act and the rules which guide the arbitration process, this study will spur reforms so as to bring the law into conformity with the expectations of the end users.

'J. Michael Finger once portrayed the anti-dumping regime as a "witches' brew of the worst of policy making: power politics, bad economics, and shameful public administration.'' The thesis looks at the role of competition in anti-dumping investigations. With the growth in the initiation of anti-dumping investigations, there is concern that the limitations in the anti-dumping regulation open the system up to abuse. Article VI of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) 1994 describes dumping as the act of selling goods in an export market at a lower price than the country of origin. This act is comparable to that of price discrimination or predation in competition law. However, the imprecise definition of key terms in anti-dumping law such as 'normal value', and 'material injury' permits industries to take advantage of these loopholes to gain protection from foreign competitors. This challenge has been reflected in the South African poultry industry where anti-dumping measures have been used as a way of protecting the market. This is reflected in the comment from ITAC who stated that it was important to 'give consideration to a country being able to produce a strategic protein source but at affordable prices… [And] A balance between the viability of domestic producers of a strategic industry with the affordability of food for the lower income group is critical for food security.' Recommendations have been put forward to deal with the limitations in the anti-dumping regulation with some calling for the removal of the anti-dumping legislation to be replaced with an international competition network. However the political nature of anti-dumping suggests that the best way to safeguard competition in dumping investigations is to incorporate competition principles in anti-dumping regulation. These include redefining key terms which are ambiguous, as well as increased cooperation between the trade and competition regulators to ensure the promotion of trade and competition.

A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Masters in Communication Science in the Faculty of Arts at the University of Zululand, South Africa, 2004. / This dissertation uses a combination, of qualitative and quantitative research methodologies to present an objective analysis of conflict between aggrieved educators and their employer, the KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) Department of Education, set against current theories of how narrative analysis, informed by semantic roles analysis, can be used according to the principles of organisational communication to discern underlying causes of conflict, and current approaches to conflict transformation The major findings of this study are that conflict is endemic at all hierarchic levels of the KZN Department of Education, that intermediate forms of dispute resolution are not working effectively, with the consequence that a high number of disputes are referred for arbitration, and finally that arbitrators are performing their duties effectively in terms of the dispute resolution procedures of the Education Labour Relations Council (ELRC).

The thesis examines the role of big data in resolving modern conflicts. The study combines the concept of big data with conflict resolution theory and then applies them to three directions of conflict resolution: non-violent, violent, and conflict prevention. Each of the three groups is accompanied by a case study. This method allows a detailed understanding of various aspects related to the resolution of current conflicts using technology and big data analytics. The thesis examines empirical data associated with many innovative projects that have been implemented or are in the process of development for the resolution of ongoing conflicts - UN projects focused on big data collection, technology projects developed by the US state research centers, databases of large amounts of data related to conflicts. Based on the acquired knowledge, this work explores the big data analysis for conflict resolution, its forms, advantages, disadvantages and limitations. Big data perspectives on the resolution of modern conflicts, based on empirical analysis, are summarized in three groups: operational (real-time data collection and processing), tactical (real-time decision-making based on big data analysis outcomes), and strategic (data-driven strategic advantage). The thesis concludes that the main advantage of...

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The purposes of this study were to examine the opinions of respondents regarding dispute resolution procedures utilized by public school teachers as described in sections 22.1- 312 of the Code of Virginia. In this study, demographic and opinion data were collected from individuals selected to serve as neutral chairpersons of fact-finding panels, school division superintendents or designees, local teacher association presidents, Virginia Education Association UniServ directors, and attorneys. The history, development, and intent of teacher dispute resolution procedures are presented in Chapter II. A descriptive research design was utilized. A researcher-designed survey instrument was used to gather demographic and opinion data from the five groups. Neutral chairpersons who had administrated a panel hearing were located through correspondence with school division superintendents or personnel directors and teacher association leaders in the state of Virginia. School division superintendents or designees employed in school divisions who had experienced a fact finding panel hearing were included in the investigation. The opinions of local teacher association presidents and UniServ directors were sought. Attorneys who had represented either a teacher or a school board during a grievance or dismissal hearing were included in the study. The information gathered was compared and analyzed statistically. Five surveys were developed for this study. The first part of each survey requested opinion data regarding the role and function of the fact-finding panel, the procedural framework of grievance and dismissal hearings, advisory fact-finding, and the experiences, training, and qualifications of neutral chairpersons. A five-point Likert-type scale was utilized with statements included in the section. The second part of each survey requested demographic information to include the respondent's gender, age, race, degrees earned, current employment, and questions regarding training and experience. The demographic characteristics revealed a composite profile of neutral chairpersons in the state. Opinion data were statistically analyzed to determine significant relationships between the five groups based on their gender, race, age, and highest level of education. The information may be useful to school division personnel and others involved in dispute resolution procedures, which advance to the fact-finding hearing level. / Ed. D.

An active network is a computer network in which new protocols can be installed at run-time in any node within the network. For example, the deployment of Internet multicast technology has been slow because service providers have been reluctant to upgrade and reconfigure their routing nodes. Under the active network scheme, users who desire multicast services can have the service automatically installed without any direct intervention by the user or the provider. One major question in realizing active networks is how the code for the new active library can be found, or resolved, and retrieved. A model of the resolution and retrieval mechanisms is the major focus of this research. To validate the model, a proof-of-concept experimental system that realizes a simple active network architecture was developed. An active library resolution service model, suitable for a global Internet, was investigated using this experimental platform and a simulation system. The two protocol components that were built and studied are the active transport protocol and the active library resolution protocol. The experimental and simulation systems were used to evaluate the extensibility, overhead, resolution time, scalability, and policy constraint support of the service. Extensibility and policy constraint support are an integral part of the proposed design. For libraries located on servers that are at most ten hops away from the requesting source, the resolution time is under 2.6 seconds. Simulations of networks of different sizes and with different error rates exhibit linear resolution time and overhead characteristics, which indicates potential scalability. Behavior under high loss rates showed better than expected performance. The results indicate that the library resolution concept is feasible and that the proposed strategy is a good solution. / Ph. D.

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No / The separation of racemates into pure enantiomers through crystallization is an important industrial process. This study provides further validation of a novel, predictive approach for spontaneous resolution in which crystal structure prediction simulations are used to explore the relative stabilities of racemic solids versus enantiopure solids. 2-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-2,5,5-trimethylpyrrolidine-1-oxy (compound 1) has previously been shown to be a racemic conglomerate, while a similar compound, 2-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-2,5,5-trimethylpyrrolidine-1-oxy (compound 2), was not. A conformational search using the Dreiding force field revealed 10 conformational minima for compound 1, and 20 for compound 2. Atomic charges were calculated using unrestricted DFT B3LYP 6-311G** optimized structures, and a crystal structure prediction was performed using the Dreiding force field, considering all low-energy gas-phase conformations and all relevant space groups. Analysis of the predicted crystal structures suggests that compound 1 is a racemic conglomerate, but compound 2 is not. This is in agreement with the experimental evidence.