In this study, Azotobacter vinelandii ATCC13705 (A. vinelandii), which is a free-living, nitrogen-fixing, gram-negative, and aerobic rod bacterium, was need to evaluate its ability to biodegrade tetracyanonickelate (TCN) under different conditions. Results show that A. vinelandii was able to biodegrade various concentrations of TCN (1, 10, and 20 mM) under aerobic conditions. Oxygen consumption and nitrogenase activity were investigated at 1 mM of TCN. Results indicate that the production of ammonia and methane was observed when TCN was consumed. Results suggest that nitrogenase was possibly involved in the enzymatic degradation of TCN. Moreover, higher degradation rate of TCN, higher nitrogenase activity, higher oxygen consumption, and higher specific growth rates were also observed at log growth period. Results suggest that the hypothesis of respiratory protection of nitrogenase is supported. Moreover, the addition of ammonia (1, 5, and 10 mM) would cause the decrease of TCN degradation rate (28%) during a 24-hr incubation period. Inhibition of TCN degradation (degradation rate¡G16% for 24 hrs) was observed when nitrite (5 and 10 mM) was added into the growth medium. Furthermore, the addition of 8% of glucose would significantly enhance the TCN degradation by the resting cells (degradation rate¡G43% for 8 hrs) . Results from this study provide us insight into the characteristics and mechanisms of TCN conversion by A. vinelandii.

Le transfert de gènes dans les cellules souches hématopoïétiques par des vecteurs lentiviraux s’inscrit dans les protocoles actuels de traitement par thérapie génique de plusieurs maladies monogéniques (B-thalassémie, Adrénoleucodystrophie, SCID…). De même, le transfert de gènes dans les lymphocytes T et B ouvre des perspectives tant au niveau de la thérapie génique que pour l’immunothérapie. Nous avons mis au point des vecteurs lentiviraux pseudotypés par des glycoprotéines chimérique (BaEV/TR) et mutante (BaEVRLess) du rétrovirus endogène de babouin. Nous avons montré que ces nouveaux vecteurs peuvent transduire de manière plus efficace les cellules souches hématopoïétiques stimulées et quiescentes que les vecteurs pseudotypés par la glycoprotéine du virus de la stomatite vésiculaire (VSV-G). Il en est de même pour les vecteurs développés récemment et pseudotypés par les Glycoprotéines H et F du virus de la rougeole. Nous avons aussi comparé la capacité de ces derniers vecteurs à ceux pseudotypés par les glycoprotéines BaEV/TR et BaEVRLess dans le transfert de gènes dans les lymphocytes B et T ainsi que dans l’ensemble des cellules de la lignée T. Nous sommes désormais en mesure de proposer des vecteurs adaptés au transfert de gènes à chaque étape de la différenciation des cellules CD34+ en thymocytes ainsi qu’en lymphocytes T matures. Ceci pourrait permettre de proposer de nouveaux protocoles cliniques en thérapie génique avec une co-transplantation de cellules souches génétiquement modifiées et de cellules T différenciées à partir de ces cellules. Ceci permettrait notamment de réduire les phases d’aplasie actuellement nécessaires pour la greffe de cellules souches. / Lentiviral vectors and their ability to transfer gene into hematopoietic stem cells are currently evaluated for the cure of several single-gene diseases (eg : B-thalassemia, Adrenoleucodystrophy, SCID). Likewise, gene transfer into B and T lymphocytes is of major interest in gene therapy and immunotherapy. We engineered new lentiviral vectors pseudotyped by some chimeric (BaEV/TR) and mutant (BaEVRLess) glycoproteins from the baboon endogenous retrovirus. We demonstrated that these new vectors can transduce more efficiently resting and mild stimulated hematopoietic stem cells than obtained with lentivectors pseudotyped by the glycoprotein G from the vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV-G). It is the same with the recently developed lentiviral vectors pseudotyped by the H and F glycoprotein from measles virus (H/F-LVs). We also compared the ability of the H/F-LVs with the BaEV/TR and BaEVRLess lentiviral vector pseudotype to transfer genes into B and T lymphocytes and into the whole T lineage. From now on, we are able to propose adapted vectors for gene transfer at each stage of differentiation from CD34+ cells to thymocytes and mature T cells. This could allow us to propose some new clinical protocols in gene therapy with a co-transplantation of genetically modified stem cells and their differentiated T progenitors in order to reduce the aplasia stage induced by current transplantation protocols.