Univ., Diss.--Göttingen, 2002.

Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2004. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vi, 65 p. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 62-65).

Thesis (doctoral)--Universität Bern, 2009 / Includes bibliographical references (p. xxvii-xxxviii).

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2008. / The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on August 19, 2009) Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of California, Davis, 2004. / Text document in PDF format. Title from PDF title page (viewed on September 15, 2009). "Received by ITS-Davis: June 2004"--Publication detail webpage. Includes bibliographical references (p. 115-122 and p. 175).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Howard University, 1988. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 181-187).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 1994. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 130-151).

Prior research found that female smokers with elevated dietary restraint (“high-restrainers”) smoked more after a disinhibiting food event (Kovacs, Correa, & Brandon, 2014). The current study aimed to determine if high-restrainers smoked merely to distract themselves from eating, or if the appetite/weight-control aspects of smoking played a role. Female smokers (N = 128) attended a laboratory session and were randomized to receive a milkshake prime (Prime condition) or not (No-Prime condition). All participants then received ad-lib access to tempting foods, cigarettes, and a computer tablet with internet access. Our main aims were to test the effect of the prime on smoking and eating behavior in the presence of an alternative distractor (i.e. the tablet). We expected high-restrainers in the Prime condition to demonstrate preference for cigarettes even in the presence of an alternative distractor. Primary analyses utilized hierarchical regression models with condition and several moderators as predictors of consumption behavior. Condition was predictive of total cigarette smoked (p’s<.02), indicating that those in the Prime condition smoked more. Regardless of condition, several expectancy measures predicted cigarette consumption (p’s < .05), and higher level of dietary restraint predicted shorter latency to smoke (p= .017). Additionally, lower levels of trait mindfulness were associated with elevated dietary restraint, cigarette craving at baseline and expectancies about cigarettes’ weight control properties. Importantly, latency to use the tablet was not predicted by level of dietary restraint or expectancies. Although dietary restraint and expectancies did not interact with condition to predict levels of smoking, the overall findings suggest that :1. The traditional priming effect was apparently mitigated in the presence of appealing distracting stimuli ;and 2. Dietary restrainers attempt to prevent food consumption by turning to cigarettes, choosing to utilize cigarettes above and beyond preference for other salient distracting stimuli. Therefore, smoking appears to be more than just a distractor from eating, and is also associated with strong beliefs about weight and appetite control. These findings may inform interventions aimed at the high-risk population of young adult female smokers, and mindfulness-based strategies may prove especially useful.

LL.M. / Please refer to full text to view abstract

Clauses in restraint of trade agreements concluded between an employer and an employee often present difficult legal issues to deal with. This complexity is due to the fact that a court, in deciding whether to enforce a restraint provision, has to strike a balance between two equal but competing policy considerations, namely, the sanctity of the contract and the freedom of movement of people in a market economy. In striving to balance the sanctity of contract with the right of freedom to trade, it is necessary to decide which of these two policy considerations should take precedence by having regard to the public interest served by them in the particular circumstances. In the watershed case of Magna Alloys and Research(SA)(Pty) Ltd v Ellis, the Appellate Division decided the sanctity of contract had greater precedent in South African law and that undertakings in restraint of trade were prima facie valid and enforceable, unless the party seeking to avoid its obligations could show that the restraint of trade was contrary to public interest. The second consideration, namely that a person should be free to engage in useful economic activity and to contribute to the welfare of society, tempers the sanctity of contract considerations. Accordingly, the courts have struck down any unreasonable restriction on the freedom to trade where it was regarded as contrary to public interest. In considering the reasonableness and therefore the acceptability of restraint of trade provisions from a public policy perspective, the following five questions need consideration: Is there a legitimate interest of the employer that deserves protection at the termination of the employment agreement? If so, is that legitimate interest being prejudiced by the employee? If the legitimate interest is being prejudiced, does the interest of the employer weigh up, both qualitatively and quantitatively against the interest of the employee not to be economically inactive and unproductive? Is there another facet of public policy having nothing to do with the relationship between the parties but requires that the restraint should either be enforced or rejected? Is the ambit of the restraint of trade in respect of nature, area and duration justifiably necessary to protect the interests of the employer? In enforcing a restraint, the court will consider all the facts of the matter as at the time that the party is seeking to enforce the restraint. If a court finds that the right of the party to be economically active and productive surpasses the interest of the party attempting to enforce the restraint, the court will hold that such restraint is unreasonable and unenforceable. Consideration of the enforceability of restraints is often found to be challenging in view of the answers to the above stated five questions often remaining of a factual nature and subjective, i.e. the view and perceptions of the presiding officer play an important role. A further complexity is the limited early effect which the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa had on dispute resolution pertaining to restraints of trade in the employment context and the prospects of imminent changes to the pre-Constitutional era locus classicus of Magna Alloys and Research (SA)(Pty) Ltd v Ellis.