This essay will address if and how it is possible to reuse and recycle wood waste and CDWW (construction and demolition wood waste). The background will have a short introduction and then be divided into 3 sections. The first section addresses similarities and differences between linear vs. circular economy. The second section will take up bioeconomy and how it is managed in the different countries in the world, and the last part takes up wood waste management. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate from literature if it is possible to reuse and recycle wood waste and CDWW. By reviewing case studies, see if it is possible to implement a practical sustainable recycling worldwide. There are four questions that will be answered to see if it is possible. Those are: 1, Are there enough volumes of wood waste for it to be worth to reusing/recycling it? 2, What opportunities does it provide and how can it affect society, economy, and the environment? 3, Is it worth investing in facilities that only accept wood waste and reuse/recycle the material? 4, How have the trends with wood waste been according to the data collected? The methods that have been used are literature study, qualitative and quantitative methods. Qualitative as an interview has been conducted, and quantitative as data for wood waste in Borås has been compiled. The result showed that there exist enough volumes for it to be worth reusing and recycling, however, the volumes has gone down significantly and are not stable, though this could be argued due to the COVID-19 pandemic and will most likely change and go up in volume within the next few years. There have not been any studies on how the society could be affected by reusing and recycle wood waste, although from an economic and environmental perspective it shows a positive outcome, such as new jobs get created and less deforestation and less reduction of biological diversity. Depending on the type of wood waste the facility receives, it can affect whether it is profitable or not, as the more hazardous chemicals exist in the wood residues, the more difficult and expensive the treatments and recycling becomes.

Medication shortages in the Netherlands are the highest they have ever been while approximately 20% of all medication is being thrown away unused. Combined with strengthened ambitions from the Dutch government to improve the sustainability of the healthcare sector, voices have become louder to consider the redispensing of medication. In this study, the perspectives of nurses, pharmacists, and prescribers that are active in the medication chain for Dutch nursing homes have been gathered regarding this strategy to reduce the medication wastage. Semi-structured interviews were organized, transcribed, and subsequently analysed through the framework method. The aim of this study is to enable policy makers to include the perspectives of stakeholders in the medication chain for nursing homes on medication leftovers and on the strategy of redispension in their strengthened ambitions on sustainable healthcare. The results of the analysis showed that medication wastage is a multi-causal problem that is considered as a negative aspect of the current system by all stakeholders. Redispension was seen as a realistic additive to the current practices, under the condition that the quality of the medication could be assured, that the stakeholders are provided with enough information, and that the system would be financially viable. Circular strategies such as rethink, refuse and reduce are possible effective options to reduce the medication leftovers as well. Several recommendations were made for nursing homes from examples in nursing homes that were collected during the study.

Detta examensarbete är en del av ett större projekt (Evochip) som bedrivs på Lunds tekniska högskola, avdelningen för industriell produktion (iProd) och med samarbete med bland annat AB Markaryds metallarmatur och Mistra innovation. I detta arbete har en dynamisk kostnadsmodell tagits fram för att beräkna tillverkningskostnaderna av komponenter tillverkade av återanvända spånor av blyfri mässing från de egna tillverkningsprocesserna hos AB Markaryds metallarmatur (MMA). Idag skickas alla kasserade detaljer och materialspill ner till materialleverantörer i Sydeuropa för återvinning. Transporterna sker med lastbil och återvinningsprocessen utgår från ett energikrävande nedsmältningssteg. Idag pågår utvecklingsprojekt med målet att återanvända spånorna utan nedsmältning hos MMA, men kostnadsbilden per detalj har varit hittills okänd. Med hjälp av detta examensarbete ska detaljpriset tas fram. Tillverkningsprocessen delas in i totalt 11 olika förädlingsstationer. För att kartlägga kostnaderna används Jan-Eric Ståhls dynamiska kostnadsmodell. Nödvändig data och information har samlats in med hjälp av intervjuer på företaget och genom företagets egna dokumentationer. För att minska felmarginalen i resultaten har lämpliga Monte Carlo simuleringar utförts. Arbetet utgår även från ett hållbarhetsperspektiv. Förutom elimineringen av lastbilstransporter och energikrävande nedsmältningsprocesser för grundmaterialet, främjar arbetet även användning och återanvändning av blyfri mässing genom att kompaktera spånor till nya grönkroppar. Detta då forskare länge har varnat för blyade detaljers negativa hälsoeffekter.  Detaljen som undersöks i detta arbete är en ventil som har benämningen EVO 10, vilken återfinns i företagets blyfria standardsortiment. Kostnadsmodellen är dynamisk till den grad att den i framtiden skulle kunna appliceras på övriga blyfria mässingkomponenter hos MMA.      En jämförelse mellan två olika koncept presenteras i resultatdelen. Koncept ett representerar dagens tillverkningssystem, och koncept två framtidens kompakteringsteknik. Då många av förädlingsstegen är desamma för båda systemen, valdes en jämförelse mellan framtagningen av grönkropparna genom de två olika koncepten. Resultaten visar att kutsar, framtagna enligt dagens tillverkningssystem, kostar 12,75 SEK/detalj, och kutsar framtagna enligt koncept två kostar 9,61 SEK/detalj. Då koncept två är beroende av spånor från dagens tillverkningssystem, kan MMA inte helt gå över till att kompaktera spånor till nya kutsar. Mer arbete måste utföras för att hitta en balanserad modell mellan de två olika tillverkningssystemen för bästa möjliga resultat. Monte Carlo-simuleringarna visar att kostnaden per detalj uppgår till 12.96 SEK, detta med de på förhand valda konstanter och variabler i systemet. / This master thesis is part of a larger project (Evochip), conducted at Lund University, faculty of engineering, Industrial Production Department (iProd). The project is in collaboration with AB Markaryds metallarmatur and Mistra innovation. In this work, a dynamic cost model has been developed to calculate the manufacturing costs of components made from recycled chips of lead-free brass from the manufacturing processes of AB Markaryds metallarmatur (MMA). In the current situation, all rejected details and waste materials are sent to the material supplier in southern Europe for recycling. The transport takes place by trucks and the recycling process is based on an energy-intensive melting step. Development projects are currently underway to reuse the chips without melting at sight at MMA´s facilities, but the cost per detail has been unknown for the company. With the help of this thesis, the manufacturing price will be presented. The manufacturing process is divided into a total of 11 different processing stations. To estimate the costs, Jan-Eric Ståhl's dynamic cost model is used. Necessary data and information have been collected using interviews with the employees of the company and through the company's own documentation regarding the production lines. In order to reduce the error margin in the results, suitable Monte Carlo simulations have been performed. The work is also based on a sustainability perspective. In addition to eliminating transportations by trucks and energy-intensive melting processes for the products, the work also promotes the use and reuse of lead-free brass by pressing metal chips to form new bars. All this in order to avoid leaded brass components due to the negative health effects caused by the lead. The component investigated in this work is a radiator valve called EVO 10. The valve is found in the company's lead-free standard range. The cost model in this project is dynamic to the extent that it could be applied in the future to other lead-free brass components at MMA. A comparison of two different concepts is presented in the results section. Concept one represents the current manufacturing system, and concept two, the future compacting technology. Since many of the processing steps are the same for both systems, a comparison was made between the productions of the pellet through the two different concepts. The results show that pellets made according to today's manufacturing system cost 12.75 SEK / detail, and pellets manufactured according to concept two costs 9.61 SEK / detail. As concept two is dependent on chips from today's manufacturing system, MMA cannot completely switch to compacting chips to new pellets. More work must be done to find a balanced model between the two different manufacturing systems for the best possible results.The results from the Monte Carlo-simulations shows that the manufacturing cost with the chosen parameters and variables is 12.96 SEK/detail.

Mankind strives for accomplishing the mutually agreed goals in Agenda 2030 where the thirteenth goal is to stop climate change. The amount of sand used in several materials is of great importance to the environment. Sand is a crucial component when producing flat glass, and one way of decreasing the construction sectors impact on the climate change is recycling of old flat glass. The study investigates the potential for an easier reuse of flat glass. The purpose of the thesis is to increase the reuse of flat glass and thereby reduce the climate impact from the construction sector. The aim is to bring forth a crosslist for reuse of flat glass, to find out if the bending strength in an old glass can achieve the requirements of today's standards and to make an overall calculation of the costs andthe enviromental savings when reusing flatglass. Several methods were used to achieve the aim, namely a literature study to gather information, dialogues that give a range of how different aspects can be valued and abending strength test that show the reused flatglass´s ability to withstand external pressure. The overall costs and the enviromental impact were also calculated. The result shows that the crosslist encounters for the properties being fulfilled in a reused window, given that the performer has a certain knowledge. The bending strength test showed that the roughly 60 year old flat glass did achieve the requirements and can therefore be used as a product in a new building. The dialouges enlighted the greatest obstacles for reusing flat glass as lack of knowledge and supply. More specific problems while using old flat glass is the matters of energy and guarantee which are essential when deciding if reuse is possible and is problematic for whoever tries to upgrade a window that is not reaching its specified requirements. The requirements if a window is to be reused or not in a specific way is a part of thecrosslist where the properties are categorized from 1 to 3 where 3 has the lowest performance but still achieves the minimum requirements. The possibly changed strength of the tested flat glass in terms of age is difficult to assess as there is no new reference object with a similar thickness to compare with. The overall calculations of costs and environmental impact shows that large savings can be made . The study show the possibilities of how a flat glass can be made by reusin flat glass. Nonetheless, more deep diving studies need to be deducted within the area but perhaps in the long term the study may contribute to increasing the reuse of flatglass.