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In this thesis I analyse the reward systems of cooperative and competitive Multiplayer games – the games I have chosen were built for a Single-player campaign with Multiplayer as additional content. My main focus is on the Multiplayer and the reward systems of that game mode. The reward systems are important to consider when designing a game for fans of Multiplayer games, as a faulty reward system might hinder the aspect which makes Multiplayer games special – to be playing together and go for the same goals with other people whether it is of a competitive or cooperative nature.The games I research are as recent as they were first released in 2012. These games are Kid Icarus: Uprising and Resident Evil: Revelations – the latter receiving a port to the HD consoles in 2013. The games were primary made for a single-player experience and therefore may not be fully implemented to support social needs of a Multiplayer game.To do my research I have played and tested the reward systems of the games myself and analysed how they may influence player behaviour and what effects that may have on the Multiplayer experience.

Educational programs for children with autism rely on the use of extrinsic rewards to increase childrens motivation to participate. However, maintenance and transfer of intervention gains remains problematic. Research with typically developing children and adults has shown that extrinsic rewards can have differing effects on intrinsic motivation. That is, the ways in which rewards are administered (reward contingency, interpersonal context) can increase, decrease, or leave an individuals intrinsic motivation unaffected. The present research examined whether these characteristics would increase the intrinsic motivation of children with autism, and whether observed increases maintained and generalized to novel contexts. In two different studies, children with autism were given performance-based rewards for engaging in academic activities in both choice and no-choice conditions. Each correct response earned the children one token that was exchangeable for one minute of time with their preferred reward. In some conditions, children were offered opportunities to make choices during the activity, whereas in other conditions, choice making was not allowed. Results indicated that childrens intrinsic motivation for the academics was neither undermined nor enhanced following the receipt of the reward. Further, children showed a clear preference for the academic subject associated with enhanced choice. These results were discussed in terms of Skinners behavioral theory and cognitive evaluation theory. The limitations, as well as the practical implications, are also discussed. / Special Education

Thesis (M.S.)--Eastern Illinois University, 1989. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 56-60).

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1968. / eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1956. / Typescript. Abstracted in Dissertation abstracts, v. 16 (1956) no. 11, p. 2225-2226. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaf 51).

A screening sample of 107 elementary school teachers completed a 16-item multiple-choice measure of knowledge of behavioral principles. Two subject groups, each consisting of 32 regular classroom teachers, were randomly selected for high and low knowledge groups based on scores on the knowledge measure. High and low knowledge group teachers were given random assignment to one of two clinical case descriptions. Both descriptions were of a 9-year old boy who is presented as being very aggressive, and who does not follow adult instructions. The two cases differed only in the type of background attributed to each. One is described as coming to the regular classroom as a result of 'mainstreaming', having been previously in a special class setting. The other case description makes no reference to mainstreaming or to previous placement. Teachers in all conditions evaluated the acceptability of four alternative classroom treatment strategies for children: Medication, Time Out from Reinforcement, Reinforcement of Incompatible Behavior, and Positive Practice. Teachers in the high and low knowledge groups read the assigned case description, and then rated the acceptability of the treatments in a 4 x 4 replicated Latin-square design using treatment acceptability measures developed by Kazdin (1980a). Following treatment ratings, subjects completed a questionnaire which, in part, asked subjects to rank order the described treatments on the basis of likelihood of each being used by the subject doing the rating. High knowledge group teachers rated treatments as more acceptable than did low knowledge group teachers on the primary dependent measure. Treatments were readily differentiated in terms of acceptability. Reinforcement was rated more acceptable than Time Out and Positive Practice, which did not differ from each other in terms of acceptability. Medication was rated lower in acceptability than the other treatments. Treatment acceptability ratings were not different for the two case descriptions. The results of the ranking of treatments on the Case and Treatment Questionnaire generally followed those of the rating procedure. The results of the analyses indicate that teachers do differentiate treatments in terms of acceptability using both the rating and ranking procedures. It is also apparent that the high knowledge group teachers tend to rate alternative classroom treatments as more acceptable than do the low knowledge group teachers. These findings are discussed, and implications for education and for future research are presented. / Education, Faculty of / Educational and Counselling Psychology, and Special Education (ECPS), Department of / Graduate

To date little information has been collected on the pollination biology of <i>Ailanthus altissima</i> (Mill.) Swingle (tree-of-heaven), an invasive exotic in the U.S. This study was conducted to determine the insect pollinator fauna visiting <i>A. altissima</i> and to study general pollinator visitation patterns associated with the tree's nectar profile. A list of taxa visiting trees within each of three sites was developed from collected insects. Overall, visitor assemblage was dominated by the soldier beetle <i>Chauliognathus marginatus</i> with large numbers of ants in the genera <i>Formica</i>, <i>Prenolepis</i>, and <i>Camponotus</i>. No major diurnal pattern was found for visitation of insect pollinators using instantaneous counts. The nectar composition, concentration, and amount of total sugars in the flowers of <i>A. altissima</i> and how these are related to tree gender and time of day were determined. Nectar was found to be sucrose-dominant with lower, but nearly equal amounts of fructose and glucose. Total amounts of sugar in male and female blossoms were not statistically different, however higher concentrations of sugar were found in males (40.7%) than in females (35.3%). No difference was found over time. Nectar production and removal in trees was studied by comparing bagged flowers with flowers open to insect visitation. Bagged flowers were higher in overall sugar than open flowers, however, this was not constant across all times and gender. / Master of Science in Life Sciences

The research study was conducted to investigate the effects of a performance appraisal system, rewards and self-efficacy beliefs in a utility company in South Africa. The study was motivated by the incessant challenges raised by employees against the way performance appraisal and rewards are conducted and awarded in the utility company. The scholarship that was consulted for this study included research articles, magazines, newspapers, company reports, books, citations from reputable sources and the Internet. These sources provided the arguments for and against the areas of a performance appraisal system, rewards and self-efficacy beliefs in the knowledge economy. A quantitative research methodology was used in this study where the questionnaire was the main data collection instrument. The quantitative research methodology was motivated by the nature and type of data collected, data collection instrument and the research paradigm. Data were collected from geographically dispersed locations and this would not have been possible to collect large volumes of data had an interview been used. The findings from the study were analysed and presented with the use of statistical packages. The findings were discussed and presented in chapter four of the study, where it was shown that performance appraisal systems were important in organisations as they create opportunities for the supervisor to know the weaknesses or strengths of his/her subordinates. Rewards were used as part of incentives to motivate employees to perform better. The study established that employees possessing high self-efficacy were bound to perform higher than those with low self-efficacy. The study established that there was a relationship between performance appraisals, rewards and self-efficacy. / MBA (Business Administration), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

The research study was conducted to investigate the effects of a performance appraisal system, rewards and self-efficacy beliefs in a utility company in South Africa. The study was motivated by the incessant challenges raised by employees against the way performance appraisal and rewards are conducted and awarded in the utility company. The scholarship that was consulted for this study included research articles, magazines, newspapers, company reports, books, citations from reputable sources and the Internet. These sources provided the arguments for and against the areas of a performance appraisal system, rewards and self-efficacy beliefs in the knowledge economy. A quantitative research methodology was used in this study where the questionnaire was the main data collection instrument. The quantitative research methodology was motivated by the nature and type of data collected, data collection instrument and the research paradigm. Data were collected from geographically dispersed locations and this would not have been possible to collect large volumes of data had an interview been used. The findings from the study were analysed and presented with the use of statistical packages. The findings were discussed and presented in chapter four of the study, where it was shown that performance appraisal systems were important in organisations as they create opportunities for the supervisor to know the weaknesses or strengths of his/her subordinates. Rewards were used as part of incentives to motivate employees to perform better. The study established that employees possessing high self-efficacy were bound to perform higher than those with low self-efficacy. The study established that there was a relationship between performance appraisals, rewards and self-efficacy. / MBA (Business Administration), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015