Identified as one of the 7 Millennium Problems, the Riemann zeta hypothesis has successfully evaded mathematicians for over 100 years. Simply stated, Riemann conjectured that all of the nontrivial zeroes of his zeta function have real part equal to 1/2. This thesis attempts to explore the theory behind Riemann’s zeta function by first starting with Euler’s zeta series and building up to Riemann’s function. Along the way we will develop the math required to handle this theory in hopes that by the end the reader will have immersed themselves enough to pursue their own exploration and research into this fascinating subject.

For Ford Circles on the real line, [0; 1], G.T. Williams and D.H. Browne discovered that this arrangement of infinite circles has an area-sum \pi+\pi\frac{\zeta(3)}{\zeta(4)}, where \zeta(s) is the Riemann-Zeta function from complex analysis and number theory. The purpose of this paper is to explore their findings in detail and provide alternative methods to prove the statements found in the paper. Then we will attempt to show similar results on the Apollonian Window packing using inversion through circles and the results of Williams and Browne.

acase@tulane.edu / Modular-type transformation formulas are the identities that are invariant under the transformation α → 1/α, and they can be represented as F (α) = F (β) where α β = 1. We derive a new transformation formula of the form F (α, z, w) = F (β, z, iw) that is a one-variable generalization of the well-known Ramanujan-Guinand identity of the form F (α, z) = F (β, z) and a two-variable generalization of Koshliakov’s formula of the form F (α) = F (β) where α β = 1. The formula is generated by first finding an integral J that is comprised of an invariance function Z and evaluating the integral to give F (α, z, w) mentioned above. The modified Bessel function K z (x) appearing in Ramanujan-Guinand identity is generalized to a new function, denoted as K z,w (x), that yields a pair of functions reciprocal in the Koshliakov kernel, which in turn yields the invariance function Z and hence the integral J and the new formula. The special function K z,w (x), first defined as the inverse Mellin transform of a product of two gamma functions and two confluent hypergeometric functions, is shown to exhibit a rich theory as evidenced by a number of integral and series representations as well as a differential-difference equation. The second topic of the thesis is 2-adic valuations of integer sequences associated with quadratic polynomials of the form x 2 +a. The sequence {n 2 +a : n ∈ Z} contains numbers divisible by any power of 2 if and only if a is of the form 4 m (8l+7). Applying this result to the sequences derived from the sums of four or fewer squares when one or more of the squares are kept constant leads to interesting results, that also points to an inherent connection with the functions r k (n) that count the number of ways to represent n as sums of k integer squares. Another class of sequences studied is the shifted sequences of the polygonal numbers given by the quadratic formula, for which the most common examples are the triangular numbers and the squares. / 1 / Aashita Kesarwani

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In mathematics, analytic number theory is a branch of number theory that uses methods from mathematical analysis to solve problems that concern the integers. It is often said to have begun with Dirichlet's introduction of Dirichlet L-functions. In analytic number theory one of the main investigation objects is the Riemann zeta function. The Riemann hypothesis states that all non-trivial zeros of the Riemann zeta function lie on the critical line. In the thesis we investigate value distribution of the Riemann zeta function on the critical line. To do so we use the curve of the Riemann zeta function on the critical line. A problem connected to the curve asks the question whether the curve is dense in the complex plane. We prove that the curve expands to all directions on the complex plane. A separete case of the main result can be stated as follows Riemann zeta function has infinetly many negative values on the critical line and they are unbounded. / Analizinė skaičių teorija yra skaičių teorijos dalis, kuri, naudodama matematinės analizės ir kompleksinio kintamojo funkcijų tyrimo metodus, sprendžia uždavinius susijusius su sveikaisiais skaičiais. Manoma, kad analizinės skaičių teorijos pradžią žymi Dirichlet eilučių ir Dirichlet L-funkcijų taikymai. Vienas iš pagrindinių analizinės skaičių teorijos tyrimo objektų yra Riemann’o dzeta funkcija. Riemann’o hipotezė teigia, kad visi netrivialieji nuliai yra ant kritinės tiesės. Disertacijoje nagrinėjamas Riemann’o dzeta funckijos reikšmių pasiskirstymas ant kritinės tiesės. Tam pasitelkiama Riemann’o dzeta funkcijos kreivė. Svarbus klausimas susijęs su kreive yra ar ši kreivė yra visur tiršta kompleksinių skaičių plokštumoje. Disertacijoje įrodoma, kad kreivė plečiasi į visas puse kompleksinių skaičių plokštumoje. Atskiras disertacijos pagrindinio rezultato atvejis gali būti formuluojamas taip – Riemann’o dzeta funkcija ant kritinės tiesės įgyja be galo daug neigiamų reikšmių, kurios yra neaprėžtos.

Analizinė skaičių teorija yra skaičių teorijos dalis, kuri, naudodama matematinės analizės ir kompleksinio kintamojo funkcijų tyrimo metodus, sprendžia uždavinius susijusius su sveikaisiais skaičiais. Manoma, kad analizinės skaičių teorijos pradžią žymi Dirichlet eilučių ir Dirichlet L-funkcijų taikymai. Vienas iš pagrindinių analizinės skaičių teorijos tyrimo objektų yra Riemann’o dzeta funkcija. Riemann’o hipotezė teigia, kad visi netrivialieji nuliai yra ant kritinės tiesės. Disertacijoje nagrinėjamas Riemann’o dzeta funckijos reikšmių pasiskirstymas ant kritinės tiesės. Tam pasitelkiama Riemann’o dzeta funkcijos kreivė. Svarbus klausimas susijęs su kreive yra ar ši kreivė yra visur tiršta kompleksinių skaičių plokštumoje. Disertacijoje įrodoma, kad kreivė plečiasi į visas puse kompleksinių skaičių plokštumoje. Atskiras disertacijos pagrindinio rezultato atvejis gali būti formuluojamas taip – Riemann’o dzeta funkcija ant kritinės tiesės įgyja be galo daug neigiamų reikšmių, kurios yra neaprėžtos. / In mathematics, analytic number theory is a branch of number theory that uses methods from mathematical analysis to solve problems that concern the integers. It is often said to have begun with Dirichlet's introduction of Dirichlet L-functions. In analytic number theory one of the main investigation objects is the Riemann zeta function. The Riemann hypothesis states that all non-trivial zeros of the Riemann zeta function lie on the critical line. In the thesis we investigate value distribution of the Riemann zeta function on the critical line. To do so we use the curve of the Riemann zeta function on the critical line. A problem connected to the curve asks the question whether the curve is dense in the complex plane. We prove that the curve expands to all directions on the complex plane. A separete case of the main result can be stated as follows Riemann zeta function has infinetly many negative values on the critical line and they are unbounded.

Sudėtinės funkcijos universalumo įrodymas. / Bachelor thesis about universality of one composite function.

Darbe pateikta funkcijų tyrimo apžvalga, svarbiausi žinomi rezultatai, suformuluota problema. Pagrindinė ribinė teorema įrodoma, taikant tikimybinius metodus, analizinių funkcijų savybes, aproksimavimo absoliučiai konvertuojančiu integralu principą. / The main limit theorem is proved using probabilistic methods, the analytical functions of the properties.

The Riemann zeta function ζ(s) is one of the most fundamental functions in number theory. Euler demonstrated that ζ(s) is closely connected to the prime numbers and Riemann gave proofs of the basic analytic properties of the zeta function. Values of the zeta function and its derivatives have been studied by several mathematicians. Apostol in particular gave a computable formula for the values of the derivatives of ζ(s) at s = 0. The Hurwitz zeta function ζ(s,q) is a generalization of ζ(s). We modify Apostolʼs methods to find values of the derivatives of ζ(s,q) with respect to s at s = 0. As a consequence, we obtain relations among certain important constants, the generalized Stieltjes constants. We also give numerical estimates of several values of the derivatives of ζ(s,q).