published_or_final_version / abstract / Chemistry / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

published_or_final_version / abstract / Chemistry / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

published_or_final_version / abstract / Chemistry / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

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From a review of the published work in the field of cycloadditions, it is evident that further research is needed to establish the mechanism of ketene cycloadditions. This work was initiated with the intent of obtaining kinetic data which will contribute to the elucidation of the mechanism of ketene cycloadditions.

One objective of this study was to explore the intramolecular [2+2] cycloadditions of phenoxyketenes to carbonyl groups with isoflavones and benzofurans as target compounds. The other objective was to investigate the eyeloaddition reactions of rarely studied aminoketenes. The conversion of 2-(carboxyalkoxy)benzils to the corresponding phenoxyketenes leads to an intramolecular [2+2] cycloaddition to ultimately yield isoflavones and/or 3-aroylbenzofurans. The product distributions are dependent upon the substitution pattern in the original benzil acids. The initial cycloaddition products, β-lactones, are isolated in some instances while some β-lactones spontaneously underwent decarboxylation and could not be isolated. The ketene intermediate was demonstrated in the intramolecular reaction of benzil acids or ketoacids with sodium acetate and acetic anhydride. It is suggested that sodium acetate and acetic anhydride could serve as a source for the generation of ketenes directly from certain organic acids. The treatment of ketoacids with acetic anhydride and sodium acetate provides a simpler procedure to prepare benzofurans than going through the acid chloride with subsequent triethylamine dehydrochlorination to give the ketenes. N-Ary1-N-alkylaminoketenes were prepared for the first time from the corresponding glycine derivatives by using p-toluenesulfonyl chloride and triethylamine. These aminoketenes underwent in situ cycloadditions with cyclopentadiene, cycloheptene and cyclooctenes to yield only the endo -bicyclobutanones. The cycloheptene and cyclooctene cycloaddition products underwent dehydrogenation under the reaction conditions to yield bicycloenamines. A mechanism is proposed for this dehydrogenation involving a radical cation of the arylalkylamine. (N-Phenyl-N-methyl) aminomethylketene was also prepared and found to undergo an intramolecular Friedel-Crafts type acylation to yield an indole derivative when prepared by the acetic anhydride, sodium acetate method. The in situ cycloaddition of N-aryl-N-alkyl aminoketenes with various imines was found to form predominately cis-3-amino-2-azetidinones. A mechanism involving a dipolar intermediate is provided whereby the structure of the intermediate is determined by both electronic and steric effects. The stereochemistry of the resulting β-lactams is dependent upon the structure of the dipolar intermediate.

Pulsed laser time-resolved ligand-substitution photochemistry for (DTO)W(CO)4, (DTN)W(CO)4, and (NP)Mo(CO)4 (DTO = 2,2,7,7-tetramethyl-3,6-diathiaoctane; DTN = 2,2,8,8- tetramethyl-3,7-diathianonane; NP = l-diethylamino-2- diphenylphosphinoethane) proceeds via initial fission of the W-S and Mo-P bonds, affording Cs and C4v five-coordinate intermediates for DTN and NP but largely Cs for DTO. The rates of reaction of these intermediates, via chelate ring closure and competitive bimolecular interaction with Lewis bases (= L, alkylphosphines and alkyl phosphites) for the Cs intermediates and via bimolecular interaction of L with the C4v intermediates, together with activation parameters for these processes have been determined. The rates of interactions at the Cs intermediates are significantly faster than at the C4v intermediates.

This study deals with the (4+2)-cycloaddition reactions of 4-π electron compounds with ketenes. Chloroketenes were generated in situ from the corresponding chlorinated acid chlorides in the presence of the ketenophiles. Chloro-, dichloro- and diphenylketenes reacted with 1-methoxy-3-trimethylsiloxy-l,3-butadiene, and 2,4-bis(trimethylsiloxy)-1,3-pentadiene to yield the corresponding dihydropyrans. The dihydropyrans yielded substituted 4-pyranones on hydrolysis.

A 5-membered INOC cycloadduct 84 was employed to prepare alcohol 91, which was transformed into several cyclopent-2-enone derivatives 94-96. / By using intramolecular nitrile oxide-alkene cycloaddition (INOC) as the kep step to construct hydroxylated carbocycles, gabosine F was synthesized for the first time from L-arabinose. Hence, theoretically, gabosine B, which is the enantiomer of gabosine F, can also be synthesized from D-arabinose by the same synthetic strategy. / In this thesis, the background information on the construction of carbocycles from carbohydrates via intramolecular 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition is presented. A review regarding the syntheses of gabosine B and cocaine are also descibed. / Starting with D-ribose, INAC of nitrones 113, 129, and 140, bearing an alpha/beta-unsaturated ester as the dipolarophile was studied. The INAC endo-cycloadduct 141 (cycloheptane) was converted into natural cocaine sucessfully, together with cocaine analogues 162,169,170,173,175, and 177. / The regioselectivity of intramolecular nitrone-alkene cycloaddition (INAC) was studied. The INAC of hept-6-enose nitrone 98, with a 3,4- trans-pentylidene acetal as the only blocking group, afforded endo-cycloadduct 97 (cycloheptane) exclusively. This result concluded that the regiospecific outcome of this INAC reaction is due to the present of the 3,4-trans-pentylidene acetal blocking group. / To investigate the regioselectivity in INAC of hex-5-enose with a 2,3- trans-pentylidene acetal blocking group, nitrones 178 and 195 were prepared from D-mannitol. endo-Cycloadducts (cyclohexanes) were afforded exclusively. / So, King Ho. / Adviser: Kung Ming Tony Shing. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 73-06, Section: B, page: . / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2011. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 165-171). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [201-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese.