CAVALCANTE, M.S. Transporte de carbono orgânico dissolvido no estuário do rio Jaguaribe sob clima semiárido. 2015. 83 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Ciências Marinhas Tropicais) - Instituto de Ciências do Mar, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2015. / Submitted by Geovane Uchoa (geovane@ufc.br) on 2016-05-02T13:52:19Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_dis_mscavalcante.pdf: 2005948 bytes, checksum: 550992dba556517ad3b0cd9b528580b9 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Nadsa Cid (nadsa@ufc.br) on 2016-06-14T19:43:44Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_dis_mscavalcante.pdf: 2005948 bytes, checksum: 550992dba556517ad3b0cd9b528580b9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-14T19:43:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_dis_mscavalcante.pdf: 2005948 bytes, checksum: 550992dba556517ad3b0cd9b528580b9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Estuaries are pathway for dissolved organic carbon (DOC) from the coastal to the sea. However, before reaching the ocean, DOC can suffers biogeochemical transformations and influence of estuarine hydrodynamics, which responds to seasonal, and tidal changes. This study analyzed the spatial and temporal variability of DOC, the hydrochemical and physical aspects of Jaguaribe river estuary, under different climate conditions (dry and rainy) and tide (ebb / flood). The spatial variation of the DOC was between 1.1 and 6.4 mg L-1 in the dry season and between 1.1 and 9.15 mg L-1 in the rainy season. There was no great seasonal variability in DOC concentrations, probably due to low levels of rainfall in wet seasons. The hydrogeochemical DOC behavior was different between the seasons. In the dry season, the DOC showed conservative behavior, highly influenced by physical processes because the tidal effects were dominants in the estuary in this season . In the rainy season, the DOC presented non-conservative behavior, linked to biological activity. The DOC was strongly correlated with the residence time and the amount of freshwater, it shows the importance of fluvial descharge to the estuarine DOC input. The values of DOC, freshwater input and residence time increased toward the coastal, indicating retention of freshwater and DOC upstream. The mixing zone of the Jaguaribe River estuary behaved as a DOC retainer in the dry season and as an exporter in the rainy season. The COD flow was lower than expected for areas under semi-arid climate, possibly by rainfall was lower than the historical average. / Os estuários são vias de transporte de carbono orgânico dissolvido (COD) do continente para o mar. Contudo, antes de chegar ao seu destino o COD sofre transformações biogeoquímicas e/ou influência da hidrodinâmica estuarina, que dependem de fatores como clima, descarga fluvial e maré. Este estudo analisou a variação espacial e temporal do COD, a hidroquímica e aspectos físicos do estuário do rio Jaguaribe sob diferentes condições de clima (seco/chuvoso) e maré (vazante/enchente). A variação espacial dos teores de COD foi entre 1,1 e 6,4 mg.L-1 na estação seca e entre 1,1 e 9,15 mg.L-1 na estação chuvosa. Não houve grande variabilidade sazonal dos teores de COD, provavelmente devido ao baixo índice de pluviosidade na estação chuvosa. O comportamento hidroquímico do COD foi diferente entre as duas estações climáticas. Na estação seca, o COD apresentou comportamento conservativo, fortemente influenciado pelos processos físicos devido ao domínio marinho no estuário. Na estação chuvosa, o comportamento não conservativo e mostrou ser fortemente atrelado à atividade biológica. O COD apresentou forte correlação positiva com o tempo de residência (TR) e o percentual de água doce (PAD), mostrando a importância da contribuição fluvial para o aporte de COD no ambiente estuarino. Os valores de COD, PAD e TR foram crescentes em direção ao continente, indicando represamento de águas fluviais e do COD à montante. A zona de mistura do estuário do rio Jaguaribe comportou-se como retentora de COD na estação seca e exportadora na estação chuvosa. O fluxo de COD foi inferior ao esperado para regiões sob clima semiárido, possivelmente pelo regime de chuvas ter sido menor do que a média histórica.

This thesis aims to improve the socio-economic resilience of the riverine communities in the Lower Mekong Basin (LMB), Cambodia, through enhancing the institutional development of aspects of advantages and risks, factors of unsustainable livelihoods, engagement of external and local institutions, and external dependency. Three hypotheses are tested: (1) livelihoods are highly influenced by assets, poverty, food insecurity, hazards and local trans-boundary influences; (2) existing external and local institutions have failed to improve adaptation and resilience; and, (3) development programmes are ineffective due to insufficient funding by the central government and the short-term policies of Non-governmental Organization (NGOs). This research hinges on dependency theory, concepts of adaptation and resilience, and a sustainable livelihood framework. Quantitative and qualitative analyses were employed as the main research methods. The Upper, Middle, and Lower stretches of the Mekong River were selected as case studies. The research discovered four main findings: (1) livelihoods in the LMB have proven unsustainable in the periods 2001-10 and 2011-20, with high rates of poverty and food insecurity due to heterogeneous growth; lack of rural diversification; insufficient assets; inappropriate strategies; and the impacts of environmental and socio-economic change; (2) neither external nor local institutions were able to reify the capacity of the villagers to adapt to shock and stress resulting from floods, drought, and high food prices: nor could they improve resilience to declines in water-related resources, i.e., water, fisheries and forestry; (3) external institutional support for sustainable livelihood development has proven ineffective due to insufficient government funds,high aid dependency and fragmentation, incoherence of development agendas, and unclear Decentralization & Deconcentration (D&D) mechanisms; and, (4) as the main local institutions, Commune Councils (CoCs) have been weakly established with inadequate human and financial resources; poor private partnerships; limited authority in decision-making, and high dependency on external support. Hypothesis 1 is partially rejected but hypotheses 2 and 3 are proven. The research has also contributed to the extant academic literature, namely in the areas of sustainable livelihoods frameworks, and concepts of adaption and resilience. In the interests of realising socio-economic resilience of the riverine communities in the LMB, the future efforts of governments, international donors, NGOs and CoCs should be directed towards: (1) alleviating poverty and food insecurity; (2) strengthening the capacity of adaption and resilience; and, (3) reducing external dependency. In particular, external institutions should fully support CoCs and the communities with long-term capacity building through on-job training, agricultural extension services, and private sector participation.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2004-04-07Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:15:24Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 zancope_mhc_me_rcla.pdf: 554342 bytes, checksum: 6e5a5a4a58baa9b03266d0bf214aaecb (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O estudo dos padrões de canal fluvial permitiu decifrar as diversas dinâmicas fluviais que o Rio Mogi Guaçu está submetido. A identificação e caracterização dos padrões de canal foram possíveis investigando os parâmetros: largura da planície fluvial, índice de sinuosidade, morfologia do canal, relevo das planícies, largura do canal, profundidade do canal, vazão e velocidade do fluxo. Para o Rio Mogi Guaçu foram encontrados sete padrões: Alto curso; Contato Serra-Depressão; Meandros de Conchal; Meandros de Leme; Boqueirão de Porto Ferreira; Meandros de Jataí; e, Foz do Mogi. A formação destes padrões está ligada a mudanças do gradiente, das estruturas e litologias no perfil longitudinal. Foi possível concluir que o desenvolvimento e a distribuição dos padrões de canal e das planícies fluviais são o resultado do inter-relacionamento das variáveis e fatores do sistema fluvial. Para o Rio Mogi Guaçu estas combinações modificam-se ao longo de todo o curso fluvial condicionando a formação de trechos com distintos padrões e dinâmicas. / The study of fluvial channel patterns allowed to decipher various fluvial dynamics that Mogi Guaçu River is submitted. The channel patterns identification and characterization were possible investigating the parameters: floodplain width, sinuosity index, channel morphology, floodplains landform, channel width, channel depth, discharge and flow velocity. For Mogi Guaçu River were met seven channels patterns: Alto curso; Contato Serra-Depressão; Meandros de Conchal; Meandros de Leme; Boqueirão de Porto Ferreira; Meandros de Jataí; e, Foz do Mogi. The formation of these channels patterns is jointed move of gradient, geologic structures and lithologies in the longitudinal profile. It was possible to conclude that the development and the distribution of channel patterns and the floodplains are the effected of the interrelation of the variables and factors system fluvial. For Mogi Guaçu River these combinations modify all along the stream flow conditioning the formation of the intervals with distinct channel patterns and dynamics.

Thesis (MTech (Tourism and Hospitality Management))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2015. / The Breede Valley region is located in the Cape Winelands District near Cape Town and has been identified as a wine region with vast diversity and distinctiveness. The lack of research in the field of wine and events in the area gave rise to this study. The event industry in this region is relatively unexploited but in recent years has been revealed to be a major catalyst for tourism and economic development. However, for events to act as a catalyst for tourism and economic development, it is important to have an understanding of stakeholders‟ perceptions of the impacts of these events. The research therefore focuses on stakeholders‟ perceptions of the impacts of the Breedekloof Outdoor and Wine Festival (BOWF) hosted in the Breedekloof region in the Breede Valley of the Western Cape Province. Underpinning this study was the understanding that the perceived impacts of the event are pivotal for the future planning, management and sustainability of the event as well as to minimise negative and maximise positive impacts of the BOWF. The study applied a mixed-methods approach, compiling data through survey questionnaires targeting 341 event attendees, 374 residents, 28 established businesses, 8 sponsors and 15 venue owners. Key informant interviews with the event organiser and direct observations with event attendees and residents were used as methods to collect data, using several sampling methods. A spatially based systematic sampling approach was used for the event attendees and residents‟ surveys, purposive sampling for the event organiser, venue owners and sponsors, while census sampling was used for the established businesses. For the purpose of the study, 767 respondents were targeted; only 730 responded. The results demonstrate support of the event among residents from Rawsonville as they perceive the event as beneficial to local businesses in the region. It displays the town and its beauty and does not cause any inconvenience to local lifestyles. However, there were mixed views on inequalities relating to employment opportunities and involvement in the planning and management of the event. Most established businesses, on the other hand, were also not directly involved in the Festival; even though there were opportunities for businesses to optimise profits and engender publicity, most did not use this opportunity to their advantage. The event attendees at the Festival were mostly from the Western Cape, attending the Festival in groups of friends with the large majority spending/planning to spend money at the Festival. / South African Department of Tourism

abstract: The Santa Cruz River, in southern Arizona, receives steady inputs of nutrient-enriched treated wastewater (effluent). Previous studies have documented reduced infiltration of surface water in the river. This disruption of hydrologic connectivity, or clogging, can have consequences for groundwater recharge, flows of wastewater in unwanted locations, and potentially even survivorship of floodplain riparian vegetation. Clogging can result from biotic processes (microbial or algal growth), abiotic processes (siltation of interstitial spaces), or both. Little is known about clogging in rivers and the environmental factors that regulate their dynamics, so natural field experiments along the Santa Cruz and San Pedro Rivers were used to answer: 1) Are there spatial patterns of hydraulic conductivity in the riverbed downstream from the effluent point-source? 2) Is there temporal variability in hydraulic conductivity and microbial abundance associated with flooding? 3) Are there environmental variables, such as nutrients or stream flow, related to differences in hydraulic conductivity and microbial abundance? To address these questions, a series of sites at increasing distance from two municipal effluent discharge points with differing water quality were selected on the Santa Cruz River and compared with non-effluent control reaches of the San Pedro River. Physical, chemical, and biological parameters were monitored over one year to capture seasonal changes and flood cycles. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.S. Biology 2012

D.Phil. / Water quality management in South Africa changed drastically over the last 20 years, from focussing on effluent control to managing the water resource itself. This resulted in the promulgation of the National Water Act (Act 36 of 1998) which introduced amongst others the classification of water resources and the Reserve. The implementation of the Act is currently in process, and this requires the development of a number of "tools". One such a need is to develop a protocol to set water quality objectives for water resources that takes cognisance of both the classification and the Reserve. The move to manage water resources has also taken place in other countries such as the United Kingdom, the United States of America, The Netherlands and Australia. However, most of these countries do not have the same circumstances or the same approach to water quality management as South Africa. In most cases those countries have adopted single value water quality objectives that lead to an on/off assessment of the success of management actions that does not take full cognisance of the natural variability of water quality such as is experienced in South Africa. Water quality is not static and the effect on a user is a function of dose and exposure. In most cases users can recover from short term exposures to undesirable conditions, as long as these effects are still chronic and not acute. Water quality can therefore not be assessed by making use of a single value, but must be based on a description of the central tendency as well as extreme values. This assessment (ideal, acceptable, tolerable, unacceptable) of water quality should also be linked to management actions so that managers of water resources know where to focus the limited resources at their disposal. In this thesis a protocol is developed that can be used to determine water quality objectives that take into account the class of the water resource, as well as the Reserve. Together with this an assessment system is offered that allows managers to prioritise their actions. The protocol was applied to the Jukskei River Catchment, using data that was collected over a six year period. The protocol was found to be robust and yielded water quality objectives that can be used to focus attention on the most pressing problems. / Prof. G.J. Steyn Dr. H. H. du Preez

Water is one of our key and indispensable natural resources. It plays a fundamental part in life (and the quality thereof), the environment, food production, hygiene, industry and power generation. Water is one of the major limiting factors in South Africa when it comes to economical growth and social development. In our country water is a scarce resource which is unevenly distributed both geographically and through time. As the demand for water increases, with increasing human populations and economic development, so to does the pollution of our river ecosystems.The Elands River is one of these natural resources that is under constant threat. It falls within the Incomati Water Management Area and is further sub divided into the Crocodile River sub area. This sub area is highly stressed, as it provides water for several human activities. The Elands River is a major tributary of the Crocodile River. The Crocodile River is a source of fresh water for several towns and is used by industry, rural and the agricultural communities (including tobacco farms). The Elands River in turn, is used for irrigation of vegetables. Both these rivers support a rich diversity of aquatic life. Along with its social and economical importance, the Elands River has immense ecological importance, as it holds great biodiversity including critically endangered biota. The main anthropogenic impacts on the Elands and Crocodile rivers include: · The Sappi Ngodwana Mill and the associated pulp and paper activities · The influence of the Ngodwana dam wall on the flow and water quality within the lower Ngodwana River · Nutrient loading taking place due to the treated sewage that is released into the river in the upper reaches and in the vicinity of the Mill · Sedimentation and flow regulation that is taking place in the Crocodile River, upstream of the confluence with the Elands River · And the agricultural activities within the Elands River system. The activities related to the Mill are the major concern in the study. The Sappi Ngodwana Mill is situated at the confluence of the Elands and Ngodwana rivers. The mill does not discharge effluent directly into the river. The effluent is however, irrigated onto the 514 hectares of farmlands adjacent to the Mill. The irrigated effluent has contaminated the groundwater in this area and the primary influence of this groundwater contamination is the deterioration of the surface water quality as well as, negatively impacts the quantity of water in the Elands River. The groundwater enters the Elands River through three springs near Ngodwana namely Fraser’s eye, Northern eye and Eye X. The groundwater from both Fraser’s eye and Eye X has been contaminated with calcium, potassium, magnesium, sulphates and most importantly chlorides. All these substances contribute to the increase in conductivity in the Elands River, which in turn may have a possible impact on the ecological integrity of the system. The pulp and paper industry is a large consumer of water and few regrettable incidents over the years have given the industry a reputation as a major water polluter. The industry’s management of water is,however, of world class and every attempted is made to manage the environment in a sustainable manner. This study aims to assess the impact of these anthropogenic activities on the associated aquatic ecosystems. Assessing the impact of anthropogenic activities on the aquatic environments, like the Elands River, has in the past been based mainly on the assessment of water quality. Earlier management of water resources has thus been based on the potability of water. Over the last decade management initiatives have expanded to include domestic, agricultural, recreational and most importantly instream (fish, invertebrates etc.) users. It has become common practise to use aquatic biota to assess the impacts of human activities of freshwater resources. The reason for this is that animals and plants can provide a long–term integrated reflection of water quality, quantity, habitat quality and other environmental conditions. Water and sediment quality was assessed by applying standard techniques and protocols. Additionally historical water quality data was obtained from the Sappi Ngodwana Mill and the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry. Habitat quality was assessed by implementation of habitat quality indices. This included that Integrated Habitat Assessment Index and the Habitat Quality Index. The vegetation at each site was identified in the field with the assistance provided by the members of the Elands River Valley Conservancy and using various field guides and the riparian zone was then demarked. The integrity of the fish community was assessed by implementing the Fish Assemblage Integrity Index and the Fish Response Assessment Index. The integrity of the aquatic macro invertebrate communities was also assessed. This was achieved through use of the South African Scoring System and the Macro Invertebrate Response Assessment Index. Finally, spatial and/or temporal trends were assessed by implementation of various multi variate statistical procedures. / Prof. J.H.J. Van Vuren Prof. V. Wepene

The natural condition of the Orange River should be evaluated in order to develop baseline information so that it can be used for comparison, monitoring and informed decision-making. This will also allow for further research to take place. Although there is a lot of data available on the Orange River, little work has been done on the evaluation of the natural conditions that influence the inorganic water chemistry Inorganic data, from 1986 to 2006, obtained from the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF) was evaluated for six sample stations along the Orange River (D1H009Q01, D3H008Q01, D3H012Q01, D3H013Q01, D7H008Q01 and D7H005Q01). Climate data (1986-2006) was obtained from the South African Weather Service. The following water quality data was used in the evaluation: pH and the concentrations of major elements (all in mg/L). The major elements include sodium (Na ), potassium (K ), calcium (Ca ), magnesium (Mg ), silica (Si ), fluoride (F ), orthophosphate (PO ), chloride (Cl ), total alkalinity (TAL) assumed to be bicarbonate (HCO ), sulphate (SO ), nitrate (NO ) (assuming that NO >>> NO ) and the total dissolved solids (TDS). Various geochemical techniques were used to analyse the data. The results of this study show that the water chemistry of the Orange River is controlled by: 1. Chemical weathering of siliceous sediment, intrusive igneous rocks and metamorphic rocks (Na , K , Mg , Ca , HCO , F and Si ). 2. Input from agricultural and urban activities affecting, in particular, the concentrations of PO , NO , SO and Cl . There is an increase in cation and anion concentrations from 1986-2006. The concentration of cations and anions increases downstream from D1H009Q01 to D7H005Q01 i.e. from a colder wetter climate to a drier hotter climate. Based on the chemical characteristics, two groups were identified. The stations in each group include: Group 1: D1H009Q01, D3H013Q01, D3H012Q01 and D3H008Q01 and Group 2: D7H008Q01 and D7H005Q01. For group 1 the degree of pollution is generally consistent (between 10 and 30 percent). The element concentration was plotted against the total annual runoff and the visual trend shows a decrease in Na , K , Mg , Ca , HCO and F as the annual runoff increases. This is because the dilution effect is stronger than the release of cations and anions due to chemical weathering. This decrease is typical for weathering of rock types such as granites, shale and metamorphic rocks. Si shows an increase in concentration as total annual runoff increases. This indicates that feldspar is the dominant mineral that is being weathered. Chemical weathering of feldspars (specifically Na- and K-feldspars) releases more Si compared to other species. PO and SO show no visual trend and Cl and NO show a possible increase in concentration with an increase in total annual runoff. This is most likely due to greater input of these species from the surrounding agricultural and urban areas when the runoff increases. For group 2 the degree of pollution is generally higher and shows a greater fluctuation compared to group 1. The visual trend for the concentration of Na , K , Mg , Ca , Cl , SO , HCO and F shows a sharp decline at low runoff, dilution is the dominant process. The concentration of these then increases as chemical weathering becomes more dominant, the effect of chemical weathering becomes greater than the effect of dilution. After this the effect of dilution becomes greater and the species concentrations show a steady, slight decrease, similar to group 1. Si shows a sharp increase as total annual runoff increases to 5000 million m3, thereafter it decreases slightly. The increase of the Si concentration is due to chemical weathering which is stronger than the dilution effect. The increase in NO and PO is most likely due to agricultural activities and urbanisation in the immediate area. As surface runoff increases it increases transport of these chemical species into the river. Both the agricultural/urban input and the release of cations and anions by chemical weathering are severely influenced by the stream runoff. Any evaluation of the inorganic chemistry from the Orange River should include runoff. The variation of the annual runoff affects the percentage of pollution, especially for the lower Orange River. / Prof. J.M. Huizenga

Quaternary landform features and their associated sedimentary assemblages (river terraces and alluvial fans) often provide important records of long-term landscape evolution. The reconstruction of global terrace sequences has enabled the identification of numerous external and internal forcing mechanisms which operate within the Quaternary landscape system. The relative effects of these forcing mechanisms are highly variable over a range of spatial and temporal scales. In this research, a combined study approach is adopted in order to ascertain the significance of external (e.g. tectonics, climate) and/or internal (e.g. lithological thresholds) forcing mechanisms upon patterns of Quaternary landscape development within the Tabernas Basin, SE Spain. The results of extensive field investigation have developed a four-tiered landform stratigraphy (i.e. basin wide terrace levels) for the Tabernas Basin. Chronological constraints for the Quaternary stratigraphy were obtained from Optically Stimulated Luminescence dating. Age estimations develop a pattern of climatically driven terrace aggradations during glacial phases throughout the Middle to Late Pleistocene. This pattern fits well with regional models of enhanced terrace formation during glacial phases after the Middle Pleistocene. The Quaternary stratigraphy of the Tabernas Basin was investigated by methods of geospatial interpolation and numerical modelling. The results of conceptual and quantitative modelling approaches highlight the dominance of non-uniform rates of base-level change driven by variable rates of tectonic uplift throughout the Mid-Late Pleistocene. Enhanced uplift in the west of the basin associates well with regional patterns, with tectonically driven base-level changes focused in the eastern Alpujarran Corridor. Internal landscape thresholds were important in the Holocene development of the Tabernas basin. Increased rates of incision in the final stages of basin development were likely attributed to the effects of lithological controls coupled with anthropogenic activity in the basin catchment.

No description available.