En raison de circonstances historiques et sociales difficiles, la littérature haïtienne s'est enfermée pendant environ un siècle dans le patriotisme et le nationalisme. Rejet de l'indépendance par les nations occidentales, affaires judiciaires et diplomatiques louches, instabilités politiques et sociales ont marqué tout le XIXe siècle haïtien. A la fin du siècle, une nouvelle génération d'écrivains a opté pour la rénovation en proscrivant la matière nationale, notamment la veine nationaliste, et s'est tournée vers l'universalisme. Il s'en est suivi un remaniement de la pensée ou de la vision haïtienne dont les répercussions se feront ressentir même dans les relations internationales avec les nations autrefois vues de très mauvais oeil. Haïti cherche, et Etzer Vilaire notamment s'y attachera avec une inépuisable énergie, ses racines latines au rejet et parfois au refus même de ses racines africaines. / Haitian literature locked itself for almost a century in patriotism and nationalism for socio-historical reasons. The rejection of her independence by the West, questionable judicial and diplomatic transactions, social and political instabilities all characterized 19th century Haiti. At the end of the 19th century a new generation of writers opted for reinvention, advocating a shift from national affairs, most especially the nationalist trend. They turned towards universalism. Consequently, a total reshuffle of Haitian thinking and vision followed and the repercussions of this will be felt in areas of international relations with nations which at one point were not considered friends. Haiti in search of her roots, as Etzer Vilaire specifically clings on to the Latin roots while rejecting and at times denying its African roots.

Th. 3e cycle--Litt. fr.--Paris 3, 1983.

Two studies on Catherine Creek and Meadow Creek of the Upper Grande Ronde River basin, quantified several physical and biotic influences on woody riparian community composition and structure. The Catherine Creek study examined the association of woody riparian species with elevational and geomorphic gradients. The Meadow Creek study examined the influence of mammal herbivory on composition and abundance of woody riparian species. At Catherine Creek, twenty nine plots were established at 50 m intervals of elevation from near the stream origin at 2207 m in the Wallowa Mountains to the foothills of the Grande Ronde Valley at 988 m. Woody plant community composition was associated with the dominant environmental variable, elevation. Distribution of dominant riparian species was strongly associated with fluvial surfaces. Black cottonwood (Populus balsamifera) was associated with gravel and cobble bars proximal to the stream channel, and along with ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) was also associated with elevated boulder bars. Alders (A. incana and A. viridis) and willows (Salix bebbiana, S. boothii, S. exigua, S. lucida, S. melanopsis, S. prolixa, and S. sitchensis) were associated with annual floodplains. At Meadow Creek, grazing by cattle was ended in 1991 on the entire study reach and three deer and elk exclosures were built within the reach adjacent to the creek. Inside deer/elk exclosures from 1991 to 1995, mean heights of tagged cottonwoods, willows, and alders increased by 86% to 180%. Outside exclosures, mean heights of cottonwoods and alders increased 109% and 99% respectively, but willows showed little change in height. Both inside and outside of exclosures mean crown volume of cottonwoods increased over 1000% and mean crown volume of alders increased over 600%. Willow volume inside exclosures increased 376% in root sprouting (clonal) species and 528% in crown sprouting (non-clonal) species, while outside of exclosures volume increased 79% and 144% respectively. On both sides of exclosure fences, beaver herbivory had a significant effect on cottonwood height growth in 1994 and 1995, and on height and crown volume growth of willows in 1995. Over 50% of stem density increase on transects was attributable to expansion within two large clones of Salix melanopsis inside exclosures. Excluding these two clones, overall woody plant density increased by 72% from 3.7 plants per 100 m�� of transect in 1991 to 6.3 plants per 100 m�� of transect in 1995. / Graduation date: 1999

Thesis (M.S.)--Oregon State University, 1994. / Typescript (photocopy). Includes bibliographical references (leaves 107-110). Also available on the World Wide Web.

Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 391-413). Also available online in Scholars' Bank; and in ProQuest, free to University of Oregon users.

xvii, 413 p. : ill., maps. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number. / In 1954, one hundred years after the western Oregon Indians were removed to the Grand Ronde Reservation; the antecedent peoples were subjected to the final effort by the United States to colonize the remainder of their lands through Federal termination policy. The permanent Grand Ronde Reservation, settled in 1855 and established by presidential executive order in 1857, was terminated by Congress, and the tribal people lost their Federal recognition. The seven ratified treaties that ceded to the United States millions of acres of land, most of western Oregon, which was occupied by over 60 tribal nations, were nullified. These 60 tribes were declared by Congress to be assimilated, and termination was enacted to free them from continued government management and oppression. In western Oregon, native people appeared to cease to exist, and for 29 years the Grand Ronde descendants suffered disenfranchisement and a multitude of social problems. The reservation's tribal cultures, languages, and community were severely fractured and much was lost. Terminated tribal members were rejected by other tribes as having willingly sold out to the Federal government. During the post-termination era, despite all of the problems the tribal members faced, they found ways to survive and worked to restore the tribe. In 1983, the Grand Ronde Tribe was restored. This research gathers disparate information from political, anthropological, historical, and tribal sources to analyze and understand the termination of the Grand Ronde Reservation. Revealed are the many political issues of the 1940s and 1950s that contributed to termination. Oral histories and government correspondence and reports from the era are referenced to illuminate the reality of tribal life in the post-termination era. The research connects to historic strategies of the Federal government to colonize all aboriginal lands and to assimilate Indians. Finally, this study seeks to unveil the history of the Grand Ronde Reservation and its peoples so that the tribal people may understand and recover from the effects of the termination of the tribe. The continued effects of termination are explored, discussed, and connected to issues of tribal identity and indigenous decolonization. / Adviser: Lynn Stephen

Altered flows that are low-MgO chemical types of the Grande Ronde Basalt crop out in the steep walls of the Grande Ronde River canyon near Troy, Wallowa County, Oregon. The alteration effects in these flows are being investigated as a natural analog system to a high level nuclear waste repository in basalt. The flows within the study are referred to as the analog flow, in which the alteration effects are the strongest, and the superjacent flow. The analog flow crops out at Grande Ronde River level and a roadcut-outcrop is developed in the flow-top breccia of this flow. The two flows have been divided into flow zones based on intraflow structures observed in the field and primary igneous textures observed in thin section. These zones include, from the base upward, the flow interior, transition, and flow-top breccia zones of the analog flow, the interflow contact zone, and the flow interior and flow-top breccia zone of the superjacent flow. The intraflow structures and textures of the transition and interflow contact zones are atypical of Grande Ronde Basalt flows. The transition zone is transitional in textures between the flow interior zone and flow-top breccia zone, and includes holocrystalline spines mantled with fused in situ breccias. The interflow contact zone reflects the dynamic interaction during the emplacement of the superjacent flow manifested as invasive basalt tongues, clasts shed from tongues, pipe vesicles and tree molds, and pockets of breccia caught up in the base of the superjacent flow.

This thesis investigates elite and genteel women’s production and consumption of material objects in Britain during the period 1750-1830. Each of its four chapters identifies a central process that characterised these engagements with material culture, focusing on ‘Migration,’ ‘Description,’ ‘Translation,’ and ‘Exchange’ in turn. The Introduction examines each of these with regard to the historiography of eighteenth-century material culture and its relationship with gender, social relations, domesticity, and materiality. It argues that by viewing material culture through the lenses of microhistory and the case study, we might gain a sense not only of how individual women acquired, used, and conceived of objects, but also how this related to the broader processes by which material culture functioned during this period. Chapter 1 identifies the importance of needlework in the construction of prescribed feminine identities, and focuses on representations of needlework in portraiture, genre prints, and conduct literature. The chapter argues that such objects created a ‘grammar’ of respectable domestic femininity that migrated through visual, literary, and material genres, reflecting the permeability of cultural forms during this period. Chapter 2 examines the role of description in the journals and correspondence of the travel writer Caroline Lybbe Powys, concentrating on her 1756 tour of Norfolk. Following the work of the cultural anthropologist Clifford Geertz, the chapter argues that the ‘thick description’ that characterises Lybbe Powys’s accounts of domestic visiting and tourism locates both the homes of her hosts and her own epistolary practices within an interpretative framework of hospitality, sociability, and materiality in which description was central. Chapter 3 considers the interior decoration of A la Ronde, the home of the cousins Jane and Mary Parminter, located in Exmouth in Devon. The chapter argues that the processes of translation that characterised the Parminters’ acquisition and display of their collection of souvenirs transformed these objects both physically and semantically, allowing the cousins to co-opt them into personal narratives, redolent of travel, the home, and the family. Chapter 4 focuses on Plas Newydd, the home of Lady Eleanor Butler and Sarah Ponsonby. It examines how the gift exchange enacted at the house facilitated the creation of ‘gift relationships,’ which both reflected and constituted the connections between Butler and Ponsonby, their numerous friends and visitors to their home, between Plas Newydd and the surrounding landscape, and between material culture, experience, and sentiment, more broadly. Together, the constituent chapters of the thesis demonstrate that there was no simple connection between gender and material culture. However, by interrogating the key cultural processes in which this relationship operated, the thesis hopes to demonstrate the complexity and fluidity of its manifestations.

Graduation date: 1999

The Kwelth Tahlkie Culture and Heritage Board (KTC&HB) of the Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community of Oregon (CTGR) have made it a priority to revitalize one of the languages which historically has been associated with being a Grand Ronde Indian-Chinook Jargon, referred to as činuk wawa 'Chinook talk' or simply činuk. The purpose of the present study was to observe the language planning process as executed by the KTC&HB. Initial guiding questions were: (i) What stages is the KTC&HB going through in the process of planning for činuk revitalization? (ii) How do these efforts compare with theory and actual practice in other settings? (iii) How will the KTC&HB achieve their goals, and how successful will they be? The researcher participated in the language planning process, functioning as a linguistic consultant. From January through May 1998, over 150 hours were spent on location in Grand Ronde, working primarily with the Tribe's language specialist to develop materials on činok. The language planning efforts have resulted in the production of a variety of language materials, which are, at this point, still in draft form. They include an orthography-developed to increase readability and learnability of the language, a grammar—including both syntactic and phonological descriptions, and a dictionary—based on a wide variety of sources on činuk. Participant observation reveals that there is support for the language planning efforts in GR at a number of levels: the Tribal Council, the KTC&HB, and the činuk lu?lu,, a group often to fifteen tribal members committed to learning the language. This group will assist the language specialist in future language planning decisions. The success of the early stages of language planning in this case can be attributed, at least in part, to the Native locus of control, which has been established. Clearly defined and articulated relationships with outside linguists will also contribute to the success of this case. The cinok lu?lu is off to a good start, as well, with highly motivated community members striving to learn the language quickly.