In this thesis, a first order low pass square root domain filter (SRD filter) based on the novel operational transconductor amplifiers (OTAs) is presented. The SRD filter consists of a translinear filter and two OTAs. Because the conventional OTA has small input voltage swings, which violates the large signal operation of a SRD filter. We propose the novel OTA which is based on the large signal behaviors of MOSFETs, and the OTA also has large signal operation. We improve Cruz¡¦s SRD filter [22], reduce the number of the transconductors from 3 to 2, and replace Class-AB linear transconductors with the proposed OTAs. The MOSFET count of whole circuit can be reduced. Therefore, the OTAs have many advantages: wider input voltage swing, low supply voltage, low power consumption, and small chip area. The circuit has been fabricated with 0.35£gm CMOS technology. It operates with a supply voltage 1.5V and the bias current varies from 0.3£gA to 15£gA. Measurement results show that the cutoff frequency can be tuned from 1.1kHz to 35.2kHz when the external capacitance C is 1nF and the cutoff frequency can be tuned from 8.7kHz to 310.4kHz when the external capacitance C is 100pF. The total harmonic distortions are 0.93% and 0.91% when the external capacitances C are 1nF and 100pF, and the power consumption is 152.29£gW.

The methodology is based on an application of nonlinear ESTR ECM by Kapetanios et al. (2006) to analyze the short-run dynamic adjustment to long-run equilibrium in Taiwan money demand function. We take consideration of Taiwan as a small open economy system, the exchange rate could be included in money demand function. The result indicate that using ESTR ECM to analyze the adjustment behavior of money demand function in Taiwan is better than linear ECM. Our findings point out that the public adjusts at any time for holding money and the speed of adjustment for real balances depends on the size of deviation.

Mainland China and Taiwan successfully joined WTO to be active members in December 2001 and January 2002. They relax economic and trade restrictions from both sides and make the relevant regulations and mechanisms more transparent year by year. Since May 2005, Mainland China implemented preferential policies, such as zero tariff, clearing customs and opening ' the fast roadway ' to many kinds of Taiwan¡¦s fruits, etc.That makes the proportion of Taiwan¡¦s fruits sold in Mainland China improve year by year, and the marketing stronghold expand constantly, too. According to the past documents and experiences, Taiwan fruit is relatively suitable for taking the gift box and up-market route, and aims at the demand of the high consumption group. Because most people in Mainland China consume the goods for freshness or the demands of giving a present, they would not purchase it in usual time. Therefore, we should avoid depending too much on some agricultural products and overly concentrate on the specific country. What we need to do is carrying on the global market survey, opening up the new service stronghold actively in order to improve the competitiveness of agricultural products in our country. In addition, the consumption habits between the South and North of Mainland China are different. We should make variable marketing strategies for different consumption ethnicities and match their demands and preferences. We set up an empirical model by using Time Series Analysis and actual data. The research includes the weight and amount sold to Mainland China, policy of zero tariff, old farmers¡¦ subsidies, areas of fruit trees, transportation and storage, Taiwan¡¦s inflation rate and processed goods of farm production. The main conclusion shows that the effect of zero tariff policy is not good enough to Taiwan¡¦s export sales. The possible reason may be that the cross-strait system is not sound. Finally, we compare the changes in production of Taiwan fruits between Years 2004-2008, and choose three levels of Taiwan fruits. The First one is new stars, like betel nuts, mango, orange, grapefruits and shakya. The second one is keeping it¡¦s level, like jujube, pineapple, guava, papaya, starfruit and wax apple. The third one is lack of competition, like coconut, peach, banana, orange, lemon, plum, persimmon, loquat, etc. The possible reason may be come from outside pressure or not suitable to plant in Taiwan.

<p><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p>The main objective of our paper is to investigate whether expansion in exports can lead to improve economic growth of Sub-Saharan African countries for the period 1970-2006. Four macro economic indicators (real GDP, Trade balance, Government expenditure and</p><p>Investment) are used in our model to carry out our analysis concerning Sub Saharan African countries.</p><p>Time series techniques such as unit root test (Augmented Dickey Fuller test) and co integration test (Johansen’s procedure) are used to find out whether there is a long run relationship between economic growth and trade balance.</p><p>The results of the unit root test indicate that all series are stationary after first difference, with I (1). Johansen’s co integration test showed that co integration (long run relationship) exists between GDP and Trade balance, as we got significant eigenvalues and found co integration between all of the four variables which shows that they are co integrated with each other and indicates a long run relationship.</p><p>Our results indicate that for the time period of 1970 to 2006, Sub Saharan African countries experienced a simultaneous increase in economic growth and trade balance as well as in investment and Govt expenditure.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Key words</strong>: exports, economic growth, unit root, co integration, Sub-Saharan Africa</p>

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, Riverside, 2008. / Title from first page of PDF file (viewed Febrary 3, 2010). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Includes bibliographical references. Also issued in print.

Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2002. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains viii, 77 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 71-77).

Bott-Samelson varieties associated to reductive algebraic groups are much studied in representation theory and algebraic geometry. They not only provide resolutions of singularities for Schubert varieties but also have interesting geometric properties of their own. A distinguished feature of Bott-Samelson varieties is that they admit natural affine coordinate charts, which allow explicit computations of geometric quantities in coordinates. Poisson geometry dates back to 19th century mechanics, and the more recent theory of quantum groups provides a large class of Poisson structures associated to reductive algebraic groups. A holomorphic Poisson structure Π on Bott-Samelson varieties associated to complex semisimple Lie groups, referred to as the standard Poisson structure on Bott-Samelson varieties in this thesis, was introduced and studied by J. H. Lu. In particular, it was shown by Lu that the Poisson structure Π was algebraic and gave rise to an iterated Poisson polynomial algebra associated to each affine chart of the Bott-Samelson variety. The formula by Lu, however, was in terms of certain holomorphic vector fields on the Bott-Samelson variety, and it is much desirable to have explicit formulas for these vector fields in coordinates. In this thesis, the holomorphic vector fields in Lu’s formula for the Poisson structure Π were computed explicitly in coordinates in every affine chart of the Bott-Samelson variety, resulting in an explicit formula for the Poisson structure Π in coordinates. The formula revealed the explicit relations between the Poisson structure and the root system and the structure constants of the underlying Lie algebra in any basis. Using a Chevalley basis, it was shown that the Poisson structure restricted to every affine chart of the Bott-Samelson variety was defined over the integers. Consequently, one obtained a large class of iterated Poisson polynomial algebras over any field, and in particular, over fields of positive characteristic. Concrete examples were given at the end of the thesis. / published_or_final_version / Mathematics / Master / Master of Philosophy

In this thesis I investigated the mutualism between Kunzea ericoides (kanuka) and two groups of soil fungi, ectomycorrhizae (ECM) and arbuscular mycorrhizae (AMF). Mycorrhizal mutualisms, which are considered globally ubiquitous, are poorly understood over changing abiotic gradients. A field survey of K. ericoides assessed how the relationship with the soil fungi varieties altered over a hydrologic gradient. Arbuscular mycorrhizal colonisation was significantly improved by increasing rainfall levels and amount of surrounding kanuka, and negatively affected by increasing altitude. Ectomycorrhizal colonisation was not significantly affected by any measured variables and remained relatively constant across all circumstances, suggesting that it is the preferred fungal mutualist for this tree species. A glasshouse experiment was done to measure the effect of ECM inoculation on the growth and water usage of K. ericoides over varying moisture availability. The seedlings were planted in soil inoculated with both ECM and AMF (experimental) or AMF only (control) and then grown under varying levels of water stress. The experiment was replicated with two soil types, with soil from beneath adult manuka (Leptospermum scoparium) and soil from beneath adult kanuka (K. ericoides). ECM colonisation significantly increased as soil moisture decreased for both soil types. ECM inoculation also increased the root:shoot ratio, and drastically decreased water usage under drought conditions. There were some soil effects as the seedlings grown in manuka-soil achieving greater biomass than seedlings grown in kanuka-soil. This is possibly due to presence of pathogens or some type of legacy competition which the seedlings would experience growing near conspecifics. Overall, K. ericoides formed a dominant mutualism with ectomycorrhizae. These two both thrive in dry environmental conditions and have a suite of complementing abilities which possibly allow K. ericoides to expand it range into these dry habitat types. The increased benefit of these mutualisms at the hydrologic range limit of the species supports the importance of biotic interaction mediating environmental stress. Understanding the effects and response of mycorrhizal mutualisms are especially significant considering current climate change issues in New Zealand and worldwide.

This item was digitized as part of the Million Books Project led by Carnegie Mellon University and supported by grants from the National Science Foundation (NSF). Cornell University coordinated the participation of land-grant and agricultural libraries in providing historical agricultural information for the digitization project; the University of Arizona Libraries, the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, and the Office of Arid Lands Studies collaborated in the selection and provision of material for the digitization project.

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