Engineered nanomaterials and nanoparticles are, due to their convinient properties, becoming common in many fields of human activity. According to this, there is growing concern about their impact on the environment. The plant kingdom is an essential component of all ecosystems and it is also an important human food source. This dissertation thesis summarizes existing knowledge about impact of nanoparticles/nanomaterials on different plant species (mainly cultural crops) and about mechanism of uptake, translocation, accumulation, metabolism and phytotoxicity of nanoparticles. In the experimental part, the transport of cadmium telluride quantum dots (CdTe QDs) in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) was observed. The impact of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) on sunflower was compared to zinc sulfate and evaluated via physiological and biochemical parameters. The effect of ZnO NPs on microalgae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii was also observed. The study of mobility of CdTe QDs in sunflower showed the plants’ abillity to transport and accumulate CdTe QDs in vascular bundles. ZnO NPs were toxic for plants and negatively affected their germination and growth. This fact correlated with the change of stress markers activity, and the phytotoxic effect was even more intense in comparison to ZnSO4. On the other hand, the better uptake of zinc ions was observed under influence of ZnO NPs, than under the influence ZnSO4. This fact offers the consideration of ZnO NPs as potential fertilizer. The ZnO NPs also negatively affected growth of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and changed its levels of some stress metabolites.