A three parameter pseudo-linear reservoir model was developed and tested using data collected from urban catchments in Nottingham. Some 550 individual rainfall-runoff events, from ten different catchments, were recorded (from May 1983 to June 1985) and available for analysis. parameters, depression storage and runoff an effective hyetograph to be obtained from the The third parameter, KATCH, was a catchment obtained by an optimisation technique applied to Two- of the model coefficient, enabled measured hyetograph. constant which was development data sets. The rainfall loss parameters were determined using both the traditional method of linear regression analysis of rainfall-runoff depths, and by model optimisation of development data sets. Two versions of the pseudo-linear reservoir model were tested and results from both versions were compared with the results from the non-linear reservoir model, which is the overland flow routing model currently used in the Wallingford Procedure for the design and analysis of urban storm drainage in the United Kingdom. When the overall goodness-of-fit between simulated and observed hydrographs was assessed (using the Biassed Integral Square Error, BISE), similar model performance results were obtained for both versions of the pseudo-linear reservoir model and the non-linear reservoir model applied to paved surfaces. The pseudo-linear reservoir model accounted for the routing of flows, both on the surface and through the secondary drainage system, via the catchment constant, KATCH. For the two sub-catchments with secondary drains, the non-linear reservoir model over-estimated peak flows by some 401, since the model ignores routing through the drains. The pseudo-linear reservoir model gave consistently better results when compared with the non-linear reservoir model for storms monitored from an uncalibrated sub-catchment of mixed roof and paved surfaces. (

<p>How the world eats is changing dramatically. Nowadays, food delivery, where freshly prepared food is delivered from restaurants to customers' residences or workplaces, has become a huge and rapidly growing market. Yet, the escalating expense of food delivery personnel and the guarantee of fast and punctual delivery are big challenges faced by food delivery platforms. To address this issue, our research proposes drone resupply delivery in food delivery, where drones and human couriers collaborate to facilitate the delivery process. Specifically, drones are responsible for resupplying orders from restaurants to couriers, who then complete the final leg of the delivery to customers. The drone resupply delivery model is particularly well-suited for the food delivery industry, as it overcomes the limitations of drone accessibility to customer locations and adheres to the existing ground-based operational system as much as possible. We have developed a mathematical model and a large neighborhood search heuristic to support this approach. Our numerical experiment, based on real-world order data, has demonstrated that the delivery delay and overall efficiency of food delivery are significantly improved through the utilization of drone resupply, compared to traditional ground-only delivery. Moreover, this improvement is achieved with only a small number of drones integrated into the system. </p>

<p>How the world eats is changing dramatically. Nowadays, food delivery, where freshly  prepared food is delivered from restaurants to customers' residences or workplaces, has become a  huge and rapidly growing market. Yet, the escalating expense of food delivery personnel and the  guarantee of fast and punctual delivery are big challenges faced by food delivery platforms. To  address this issue, our research proposes drone resupply delivery in food delivery, where drones  and human couriers collaborate to facilitate the delivery process. Specifically, drones are  responsible for resupplying orders from restaurants to couriers, who then complete the final leg of  the delivery to customers. The drone resupply delivery model is particularly well-suited for the  food delivery industry, as it overcomes the limitations of drone accessibility to customer locations  and adheres to the existing ground-based operational system as much as possible. We have  developed a mathematical model and a large neighborhood search heuristic to support this  approach. Our numerical experiment, based on real-world order data, has demonstrated that the  delivery delay and overall efficiency of food delivery are significantly improved through the  utilization of drone resupply, compared to traditional ground-only delivery. Moreover, this  improvement is achieved with only a small number of drones integrated into the system.</p>

Esse trabalho identificou, testou e aprimorou modelos de propagação de vazão simplificados a fim de verificar as vantagens e desvantagens dos modelos. As soluções apresentadas por esses modelos foram testadas com um modelo hidrodinâmico completo, considerado nesse trabalho como resultados ideias. Os modelos hidrodinâmicos simplificados testados foram: Um modelo não linear de Onda Cinemática, o modelo Muskingum-Cunge linear, duas versões do modelo Muskingum-Cunge não linar, o modelo Muskingum-Cunge modificado por Todini e o modelo IPHS1. O modelo hidrodinâmico completo utilizado nesse trabalho foi o modelo HEC-RAS. Desenvolveu-se ainda uma metodologia para representar o efeito da planície de inundação. Essa metodologia foi implementada nos modelos hidrodinâmicos simplificados. Para avaliar o comportamento dos diferentes modelos de propagação disponíveis foram criados testes numéricos em que foram aplicados os diferentes modelos, com variação de características dos hidrogramas sintético de entrada, das características do leito do rio e da planície de inundação, e dos critérios de discretização temporal e espacial. A avaliação dos resultados foi feita através dos erros de conservação de volume, de vazão de pico e de tempo de ocorrência da vazão de pico. Além disso, também foram considerados, em alguns testes, os critérios de aplicabilidade de Ponce para onda cinemática e difusão além da formulação do Δx ideal proposto por Fread. Os resultados mostram que o modelo Muskingum-Cunge Todini, modificado para representar o efeito da planície de inundação, é muito promissor. Esse modelo apresentou resultados que se aproximaram muito dos resultados obtidos pelo HEC-RAS, enquanto os outros modelos hidrodinâmicos simplificados apresentaram resultados piores. Com relação aos critérios de aplicabilidade, recomenda-se o uso de um Δx três vezes menor do que o valor sugerido por Fread. Além disso, pode-se concluir que os modelos simplificados podem ser utilizados fora dos limites de aplicabilidade sugeridos por Ponce. / This work has identified, tested and improved simplified flood routing models to verify the advantages and disadvantages presented. The solutions provided by these models were tested by using a full hydrodynamic model considered in this work as an ideal result. The simplified hydrodynamic models used were: A variable parameter kinematics wave model, the Muskingum-Cunge flood routing model, the variable parameter Muskingum-Cunge flood routing model (three and four points scheme) the Muskingum-Cunge modified by Todini (MCT) and the model IPHS1. The full hydrodynamic model used was HEC-RAS. It was also proposed a procedure to represent the effect of the floodplain rivers. To evaluate the behavior of different flood routing models numerical tests were created and were applied to then. The characteristics of synthetic inflow hydrographs, the characteristics of riverbed and floodplain, and the criteria for temporal and spatial discretization were perturbed. The evaluation of the results was made through the errors of conservation of volume, peak flow and time of occurrence of peak flow. Moreover, it was also considered, in some tests, applicability criteria recommended by some authors for different models, such as models of kinematic flood wave and diffusive flood wave. The results show that the Muskingum Cunge Todini, modified to represent the effect of the floodplain flow is very promising. Finally, it is also shown that this model closely approaches the full Saint Venant equation solution (HEC-RAS). The others models were worse than HEC-RAS and MCT. About applicability criteria, it recommends the use of the Δx three times smaller than the value suggested by Fread. Moreover, the simplified hydrodynamic models can be used outside limits of applicability suggested by Ponce about kinematic and diffusive wave.

Esse trabalho identificou, testou e aprimorou modelos de propagação de vazão simplificados a fim de verificar as vantagens e desvantagens dos modelos. As soluções apresentadas por esses modelos foram testadas com um modelo hidrodinâmico completo, considerado nesse trabalho como resultados ideias. Os modelos hidrodinâmicos simplificados testados foram: Um modelo não linear de Onda Cinemática, o modelo Muskingum-Cunge linear, duas versões do modelo Muskingum-Cunge não linar, o modelo Muskingum-Cunge modificado por Todini e o modelo IPHS1. O modelo hidrodinâmico completo utilizado nesse trabalho foi o modelo HEC-RAS. Desenvolveu-se ainda uma metodologia para representar o efeito da planície de inundação. Essa metodologia foi implementada nos modelos hidrodinâmicos simplificados. Para avaliar o comportamento dos diferentes modelos de propagação disponíveis foram criados testes numéricos em que foram aplicados os diferentes modelos, com variação de características dos hidrogramas sintético de entrada, das características do leito do rio e da planície de inundação, e dos critérios de discretização temporal e espacial. A avaliação dos resultados foi feita através dos erros de conservação de volume, de vazão de pico e de tempo de ocorrência da vazão de pico. Além disso, também foram considerados, em alguns testes, os critérios de aplicabilidade de Ponce para onda cinemática e difusão além da formulação do Δx ideal proposto por Fread. Os resultados mostram que o modelo Muskingum-Cunge Todini, modificado para representar o efeito da planície de inundação, é muito promissor. Esse modelo apresentou resultados que se aproximaram muito dos resultados obtidos pelo HEC-RAS, enquanto os outros modelos hidrodinâmicos simplificados apresentaram resultados piores. Com relação aos critérios de aplicabilidade, recomenda-se o uso de um Δx três vezes menor do que o valor sugerido por Fread. Além disso, pode-se concluir que os modelos simplificados podem ser utilizados fora dos limites de aplicabilidade sugeridos por Ponce. / This work has identified, tested and improved simplified flood routing models to verify the advantages and disadvantages presented. The solutions provided by these models were tested by using a full hydrodynamic model considered in this work as an ideal result. The simplified hydrodynamic models used were: A variable parameter kinematics wave model, the Muskingum-Cunge flood routing model, the variable parameter Muskingum-Cunge flood routing model (three and four points scheme) the Muskingum-Cunge modified by Todini (MCT) and the model IPHS1. The full hydrodynamic model used was HEC-RAS. It was also proposed a procedure to represent the effect of the floodplain rivers. To evaluate the behavior of different flood routing models numerical tests were created and were applied to then. The characteristics of synthetic inflow hydrographs, the characteristics of riverbed and floodplain, and the criteria for temporal and spatial discretization were perturbed. The evaluation of the results was made through the errors of conservation of volume, peak flow and time of occurrence of peak flow. Moreover, it was also considered, in some tests, applicability criteria recommended by some authors for different models, such as models of kinematic flood wave and diffusive flood wave. The results show that the Muskingum Cunge Todini, modified to represent the effect of the floodplain flow is very promising. Finally, it is also shown that this model closely approaches the full Saint Venant equation solution (HEC-RAS). The others models were worse than HEC-RAS and MCT. About applicability criteria, it recommends the use of the Δx three times smaller than the value suggested by Fread. Moreover, the simplified hydrodynamic models can be used outside limits of applicability suggested by Ponce about kinematic and diffusive wave.

Esse trabalho identificou, testou e aprimorou modelos de propagação de vazão simplificados a fim de verificar as vantagens e desvantagens dos modelos. As soluções apresentadas por esses modelos foram testadas com um modelo hidrodinâmico completo, considerado nesse trabalho como resultados ideias. Os modelos hidrodinâmicos simplificados testados foram: Um modelo não linear de Onda Cinemática, o modelo Muskingum-Cunge linear, duas versões do modelo Muskingum-Cunge não linar, o modelo Muskingum-Cunge modificado por Todini e o modelo IPHS1. O modelo hidrodinâmico completo utilizado nesse trabalho foi o modelo HEC-RAS. Desenvolveu-se ainda uma metodologia para representar o efeito da planície de inundação. Essa metodologia foi implementada nos modelos hidrodinâmicos simplificados. Para avaliar o comportamento dos diferentes modelos de propagação disponíveis foram criados testes numéricos em que foram aplicados os diferentes modelos, com variação de características dos hidrogramas sintético de entrada, das características do leito do rio e da planície de inundação, e dos critérios de discretização temporal e espacial. A avaliação dos resultados foi feita através dos erros de conservação de volume, de vazão de pico e de tempo de ocorrência da vazão de pico. Além disso, também foram considerados, em alguns testes, os critérios de aplicabilidade de Ponce para onda cinemática e difusão além da formulação do Δx ideal proposto por Fread. Os resultados mostram que o modelo Muskingum-Cunge Todini, modificado para representar o efeito da planície de inundação, é muito promissor. Esse modelo apresentou resultados que se aproximaram muito dos resultados obtidos pelo HEC-RAS, enquanto os outros modelos hidrodinâmicos simplificados apresentaram resultados piores. Com relação aos critérios de aplicabilidade, recomenda-se o uso de um Δx três vezes menor do que o valor sugerido por Fread. Além disso, pode-se concluir que os modelos simplificados podem ser utilizados fora dos limites de aplicabilidade sugeridos por Ponce. / This work has identified, tested and improved simplified flood routing models to verify the advantages and disadvantages presented. The solutions provided by these models were tested by using a full hydrodynamic model considered in this work as an ideal result. The simplified hydrodynamic models used were: A variable parameter kinematics wave model, the Muskingum-Cunge flood routing model, the variable parameter Muskingum-Cunge flood routing model (three and four points scheme) the Muskingum-Cunge modified by Todini (MCT) and the model IPHS1. The full hydrodynamic model used was HEC-RAS. It was also proposed a procedure to represent the effect of the floodplain rivers. To evaluate the behavior of different flood routing models numerical tests were created and were applied to then. The characteristics of synthetic inflow hydrographs, the characteristics of riverbed and floodplain, and the criteria for temporal and spatial discretization were perturbed. The evaluation of the results was made through the errors of conservation of volume, peak flow and time of occurrence of peak flow. Moreover, it was also considered, in some tests, applicability criteria recommended by some authors for different models, such as models of kinematic flood wave and diffusive flood wave. The results show that the Muskingum Cunge Todini, modified to represent the effect of the floodplain flow is very promising. Finally, it is also shown that this model closely approaches the full Saint Venant equation solution (HEC-RAS). The others models were worse than HEC-RAS and MCT. About applicability criteria, it recommends the use of the Δx three times smaller than the value suggested by Fread. Moreover, the simplified hydrodynamic models can be used outside limits of applicability suggested by Ponce about kinematic and diffusive wave.