Neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes of the central nervous system (CNS) arise from a common pool of multipotent neuroepithelial progenitor cells lining the walls of the neural tube. Initially, neuroepithelial cells undergo symmetric proliferative divisions, thereby expanding the progenitor pool and determining the size of brain compartments. At the onset of neurogenesis, a subset of progenitors switch to asymmetric or terminal symmetric neurogenic divisions. Maintenance of progenitor cell population throughout the period of neurogenesis is essential to generate the full diversity of neuronal cell types and proper histological pattern. However, the mechanisms responsible for the maintenance of progenitor cells proliferation are far from being fully understood. The family of Y-box proteins is involved in control of proliferation and transformation in various normal and pathological cellular systems, and therefore was considered as a candidate to exert such a function. Y-box proteins have a capacity to bind DNA and RNA, thereby controlling gene expression from transcription to translation. This study aimed to examine the expression of mouse Y-box protein 3 (MSY3) in the developing nervous system and elucidate its putative role in regulation of proliferation of progenitor cells. As presented in this work, the MSY3 protein in the embryonic CNS is expressed solely in progenitor cells and not neurons. Moreover, as shown by two independent approaches: morphologically, i.e. using immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy, and biochemically, MSY3 expression is downregulated concomitantly with the spatiotemporal progression of neurogenesis. Interestingly, in preliminary results it was shown that MSY3 is expressed in Dcx-positive transient amplifying precursors in germinal zones of the adult brain, and in EGF-dependent neurospheres. To evaluate whether MSY3 could regulate the neurogenesis, the levels of the MSY3 protein in the progenitors were acutely downregulated or elevated by electroporation of RNAi or MSY3 expression plasmids, respectively. Neither premature reduction of MSY3 in the neuroepithelium (E9.5-E11.5) nor prolonged expression at the developmental stage when this protein is endogenously downregulated (E10.5-14.5) did affect proliferation versus the cell cycle exit of progenitors. Moreover, in Notch1-deficient progenitors in the cerebellar anlage, which exhibit precocious differentiation, MSY3 was not prematurely downregulated, suggesting that MSY3 also is not an early marker of differentiation. Differential centrifugation, immunoprecipitation and polysomal analysis performed in this study revealed that the MSY3 protein in the developing embryo, as well as in Neuro-2A cells, is associated with RNA. On a sucrose density gradient MSY3 co-fractionates with ribosomes and actively translating polysomes, suggesting that it might have a role in regulation of translation. However, downregulation or overexpression of MSY3 in the Neuro-2A cell line did not affect global translation rates. Other researchers suggested that the MSY3 protein has the redundant function with Y-box protein 1 (YB-1). Accordingly, in our system the MSY3 protein could be co-immunoprecipitated with YB-1. Importantly, developmentally regulated expression of MSY3 is not a hallmark of general translation apparatus, as several other proteins involved in translation did not show similar downregulation. To summarise, this work showed that the MSY3 protein is a marker of proliferation of progenitor cells in the embryonic and adult brain, being absent from neurons. Discovery of the molecular mechanism by which MSY3 exerts its role in the cell could provide the link between the translational machinery and proliferation.

Neurogenesis is the process of generation of neurons during embryonic development and adulthood. The focus of this doctoral work is the study of the cell biological aspects of neurogenesis and the mechanisms regulating the switch of neural stem cells from proliferation to differentiation. During embryonic development neurogenic divisions occur at the apical or basal side of the pseudostratified epithelium that forms the wall of the neural tube, the neuroepithelium. Apical asymmetric neurogenic divisions (AP) give rise to a neuron and a progenitor cell, while basal symmetric neurogenic divisions (BP) give rise to two neurons. The first part of this thesis is focused on the study of some cell biological aspects of BPs. We first validated the use of the Tis21-GFP knock in mouse line, previously generated in our laboratory. We found that the totality of neurogenic progenitors is marked by the expression of a nuclear GFP. We calculated the abundance of BPs overtime since the onset of neurogenesis showing that BPs overcome APs over development. We studied the loss of apical contact of the basal dividing cells. We found that both neurogenic and non-neurogenic basally dividing progenitors miss the apical contact; which is lost prior mitosis. We generated and characterized a second mouse line, the Tubb3-GFP line expressing a plasma membrane-localized GFP in neurons. These two lines were crossed to obtain a new line (TisTubb-GFP) allowing detection of neurogenic divisions and tracking daughter cells. Using this model: (i) we imaged symmetric neurogenic divisions of BPs, identifying daughter cells as neurons, during imaging; (ii) we compared the kinetics of betaIII-tubulin-GFP appearance after apical or basal mitosis, showing that daughters of BPs express betaIII-tubulin-GFP faster than daughters coming from apical divisions; (iii) we imaged neuronal migration and localization of the Golgi apparatus. Neurogenesis in the adult is confined to two specific regions in the telencephalon: the sub ependymal zone, lining the ventricle, and dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. The second part of this thesis focuses on the adult neurogenic progenitors lineage. Tis21-GFP expression was found and characterized in the two adult neurogenic regions from early postnatal to adulthood. Using a panel of markers for the adult neurogenic cell lineage and confocal imaging, we characterized Tis21-GFP expression, in the dentate gyrus. Tis21-GFP is first expressed in the neurogenic subpopulation of doublecortin positive cells. Tis21-GFP is inherited by the neurons and eventually degraded. Moreover, our data suggest that mitotic Tis21-GFP cells are an indicator of the levels of neurogenesis more accurate than doublecortin positive cells, in the early postnatal mouse. (Anlage Quick time movies 77,88 MB)