Berlin, Freie Universiẗat, Diss., 2003. / Dateiformat: zip, Dateien im PDF-Format.

A research report submitted to the School of Public Health , University of Witwatersrand Johannesburg in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Science in Epidemiology and Biostatistics, November 2013 / Malaria in HIV-infected (HIV+) persons is associated with reduced immunity due to a decrease in CD4+ cells count and an increase in viral load, and immunity becomes more compromised in HIV-infected ART-naïve patients. However, the relationship between treatment of HIV infection with antiretroviral therapy (ART) and malaria among HIV coinfected individuals has not been widely reported in Africa, in particular amongst Rwandan women. In this study, the investigator examined malaria incidence and its associated potential risk factors in a cohort of HIV-uninfected, HIV-infected on ART and HIV-infected naïve Rwandan women. Method The data used in this research consists of 936 women enrolled in the Rwandan Women's Inter-association Study and Assessment (RWISA) study. Follow-up visits were carried out every 6 months for a period of 5 years. Incidence of malaria was considered as self-reported if it occurred during the 6 months prior to the study visit. Incidence rates (IRs) and Hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% CI were determined in HIV-uninfected, HIV-infected ART-naïve and HIV-infected on ART groups. Predictors of malaria incidence in these groups were estimated by Hazard ratios (HR, 95% CI) using Cox regression adjusted for potential confounders. Results Of the 936 women enrolled in the study (226 HIV-uninfected and 710 HIV-infected), almost 90% of the women reported malaria during the follow-up period. At the baseline visit, the median age of the participants was lower among HIV-infected women at 34 years ([IQR] 30- 39), compared to that of HIV-uninfected women at 43 years ([IQR] 34-49), P<0.01. In both groups of HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected women, a large number were widowed i.e. 49% vs. 42%, P<0.01 The HIV-infected women had lower educational status (67% vs. 57%, P<0.01) and lower employment opportunities (68% vs 72%, P=0.002) than HIV-uninfected women. Of the HIVuninfected women, 174 (77%) and of HIV-infected women 596 (84%) reported that they did not have enough food to eat. Malaria incidence was higher in HIV-infected ART-naïve women [adjusted HR= 1.2, 95% CI (1.01-1.36), P=0.03], when compared to HIV-infected women on ART. However, when malaria incidence was compared according to HIV status, HIV-infected women showed a significantly lower incidence when compared to their HIV-uninfected counterparts [adjusted HR= 0.8, 95% CI (0.69- 0.97), P=0.02]. The independent predictors of malaria incidence in the cohort were unemployment, lower level of education, age and season. Conclusion HIV-infected antiretroviral-naïve women in malaria-endemic areas are at higher risk of malaria than HIV-infected women on antiretroviral therapy. In countries where both diseases overlap, the indirect effect of HIV treatment with combination antiretroviral therapy could reduce malaria burden. These findings suggest that additional malaria prevention efforts should be aimed at the untreated HIV-infected population.

Texte abrégé de: Diss.--Fabereich III--Universität Trier, 1992. / Bibliogr. p. 318-332.

Texte remanié de: Thèse de doctorat--Démographie--Paris 5, 2004. / Bibliogr. p. 231-253.

Thesis (M.A.)--Villanova University, 2007. / Political Science Dept. Includes bibliographical references.

Inaug.-Diss. : Gesellschaftswissenschaften : Bonn : 1977. - Bibliogr. p. 158-171. -

Texte remanié de: Th. Etat--Lettres. / Bibliogr. p. 555-569.

Thesis (M.A.) - Carleton University, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (p.135-148). Also available in electronic format on the Internet.

M.Tech. (Biomedical Technology) / A study was conducted to determine the extent of fungi and mycotoxins contamination of Rwandan selected food commodities. A total of one-hundred food samples including maize, rice, cassava, beans and peanuts were collected from all five provinces of Rwanda and analysed. Mycological data obtained revealed a high level of contamination of common toxigenic fungi belonging mainly to the Aspergillus, Penicillium and Fusarium genera. Accordingly, Aspergillus flavus was the most prevalent fungal contaminant in maize (90%), while A. carbonarius was mainly concentrated in peanuts at an incidence rate of 70%. Aspergillus fumigatus was mostly found in cassava (85%) in combination with Penicillium decumbens at the rate of 70%, meanwhile P. citrinum was found at an incidence rate of 80% in rice. The genus Fusarium was dominantly present with F. verticillioides and F. graminearum found in all analysed commodities. A toxigenicity study was also conducted to evaluate the capacity of these fungi recovered to produce their respective mycotoxins. Certain species such as A. flavus and A. parasiticus isolated from these commodities produced the aflatoxins (AFs). Other Aspergillus spp. such as A. carbonarius produced ochratoxin A (OTA) and F. verticillioides and F. graminearum also showed their capacity in producing different mycotoxins viz: zearalenone (ZEA), fumonisins (FBs) and deoxynivalenol (DON). The analysis of mycotoxins in these commodities was performed following thin layer chromatography (TLC) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Data obtained revealed that peanuts and maize were the most contaminated with mycotoxins at incidence rates of 85 and 80%, respectively, and at the highest contamination levels. The highest AF-contaminated commodity was maize from Western province (range: 1.3-3219.6 μg/kg; mean: 829.3 μg/kg) followed by peanut from the same region whose mean level found was 401.5 μg/kg (range: 3.2–1755.8 μg/kg). Ochratoxin A was also found in peanuts with a mean concentration of 302.6 μg/kg, while DON was found at the highest level of 419.6 μg/kg in a rice from Kigali-city. Maize was the main substrate for FBs (mean: 134 μg/kg; max: 4591 μg/kg). Zearalenone was also recovered from samples but at a low incidence rate of 40% with the highest level of 5.2 μg/kg recorded. It was also observed that 65% of samples analysed were contaminated with more than one mycotoxin.

Diss.--Fribourg, Suisse--Université, 1998. / En appendice, choix de textes en anglais. Contient des citations en hébreu. Bibliogr. p. 535-558. Index.