Since the ordinary methods for the preparation of a-diketones are rather long and rarely yield a high percentage of product, the attempt was made to perfect some short, simple, direct method whereby the straight and mixed a-diketones could be prepared. / M.S.

The purpose of this problem is to investigate the various methods which could possibly be used to accurately determine the particle size of the viscose sol, with the view of using the best method to follow the colloidal changes in ripening viscose. / M.S.

The State and Local Fiscal Assistance Act of 1972, otherwise known as the revenue sharing act, distributes $30.2 billion to nearly 39,000 state and local governments over a five year period. The purpose of this study is to determine whether or not the actual workings of the program are consistent with the goals its supporters set for it. Other formula studies of revenue sharing begin by selecting a goal, or qoals, that revenue sharing is supposed to advance (or should advance), and then proceed to develop alternative distribution formulas which are more responsive to the predeternined goal(s). This study, by examining the structure of the distribution formula, uses a revealed preference technique to ascertain four program goals inherent in the structure of the distribution formula. / Ph. D.

Ph. D.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the variables which are inherent in those reaches and moves accompanied by body bend and body rotation about hips and ankles. The variables, and the interactions between variables, are investigated and conclusions are given as to which variables would affect a time-standard classification. / M.S.

Statement of the Problem: The purposes of this study were threefold. The first was to identify the current practices and procedures being utilized in the Commonwealth of Virginia to evaluate local public school superintendents. Secondly, the study compared the reported practices from Virginia with those which have been identified as "best practices" from a review of the literature. Finally, this study examined selected variables which might have influenced the evaluation process of superintendents. Research Procedures: This descriptive study was designed to identify current practices within the State of Virginia related to the evaluation of public school superintendents. A questionnaire was used to survey the public school superintendents in Virginia to gain their perspective on the evaluation procedures utilized by school boards to evaluate their performance. Frequencies and percentages were used to report the data. Outcomes: The results of this study revealed that the practices currently used in Virginia need to be reviewed and improved. Less than half of the school boards in Virginia have established procedures or policies in place to evaluate their superintendents. Most superintendents report not having a formal evaluation procedure in place in their school division. Evaluation procedures in Virginia for public school superintendents do not compare favorably with identified best practices for superintendent evaluation. The study also revealed that the size and wealth of the school division influenced the evaluation process for the superintendent. Superintendents from larger school divisions are more likely to have formal evaluation procedures in place than superintendents from small or average size school divisions. Wealthy school divisions were also more likely to utilize a formal procedure for evaluating the superintendent than divisions identified as low or average wealth. / Ed. D.

Chaos theory, a philosophical viewpoint from physics, is being adopted by some public organization theorists as a new standpoint for understanding and managing organizations besieged by instability and turbulence. A basic tenet of chaos theory, known as mutual causality, denies that an entity behaves or evolves in isolation. Rather, acting, behaving and evolving can only occur through mutual interaction with other entities (Briggs and Peat 1989). Concomitantly, any managerial theory of action consistent with chaos theory must be grounded in the concept of mutual, not linear, causality. I contend that in the nascent transdisciplinary journey by which chaos theory is moving into public administration as a metaphorical explanation of public organizations, the theory is in danger of being corrupted and bastardized. This is suggested by the fact that a number of managerial applications being inspired by chaos theory promote conventional, linear approaches to action aimed at command and control. Others present only an organizational-level application--rather than the holistic approach that chaos thinking entails. Such linear, bounded applications are inconsistent with the principle of mutual causality. I argue that as a corrective to this emerging trend, public organization theorists need to adopt a more complementary frame to chaos theory, viz., family systems theory, in order that the co-determined nature of human dynamics can be adequately brought to the level of practice. I present two case studies. The cases illustrate the difference between managing with a theory of action grounded in the principle of mutual causality and managing based on a theory of action undergirded by linear thinking. The complementarity of chaos theory and family systems theory offers managers of public organizations a more holistic understanding of processes in their organizations. Hence, public administrators who adopt this new, conjoint theoretical viewpoint can develop a different way of behaving in and effectively managing their organizations. / Ph. D.

In this study I observed, described and measured differences in morphological, physical and chemical properties as a function of age on mine soils formed from overburden from the New River formation of the Pennsylvanian system in southern West Virginia. Within each group, we sampled nine separate sites and further categorized each to one of three predominant overburden types as observed in the exposed highwall (either predominantly sandstone or shale or an approximately even mixture of the two). Three “topsoiled” sites were sampled for comparative purposes, along with three contiguous soil series commonly found in the region. The most striking differences attributable to age were depth of profile development and horizonation. Aggregate stability, hydraulic conductivity and soil color also showed significant variance with age. The mine soils were generally more fertile in those elements analyzed than the natural soils, and the A horizons of mine soils and the natural soils contained approximately the same amounts of coarse fragments. Among the mine soils, the 5 year old soils were more fertile than the 2 or 10 year old soils. Ten years was not enough time to cause significant differences in textural classification of these soils. Texture was reflective of the parent material. / Master of Science

Satellite systems in the 20/30 GHz band are very susceptible to outages due to rain-induced fades. In order to reduce the impact of these fades, it has been proposed that the power of the uplink station transmitter be adjusted during the fade to compensate. This dissertation will explore some of the issues involved in implementing this uplink power control (ULPC). Fade slope is examined as a parameter to predict signal strength during a fade. A fade slope model based on fade physics is presented, but it strongly suggests that fade slope is not an appropriate parameter for ULPC. Real time scaling of attenuation from the downlink to the uplink shows more promise for ULPC. Differences in drop size distributions during a rain storm will result is different scaling factors. If the downlink attenuation is limited to 6 dB at 20 GHz, real time scaling can be accomplished. A scaling type ULPC algorithm driven by downlink attenuation is tested on 66 hours of OLYMPUS 20/30 GHz fade data. A similar algorithm driven by uplink attenuation is tested and the performance of the two algorithms is presented and compared. / Ph. D.

Soluble horseradish peroxidase (HRP) is internalized by Chinese hamster ovary cells, a cell line of fibroblastic origin (Adams et al., 1982). We have confirmed this result by showing no inhibition of uptake in the presence of divalent cation chelators (EGTA Mg or EDTA), excess (19 mg/ml) yeast mannan (an inhibitor of uptake through a mannose/N-acetylglucosamine receptor) or using periodate treated HRP. Periodate treatment destroys the ring structure of sugars on HRP which have hydroxyl groups on adjacent ring carbons, eliminating sugar mediated uptake of HRP. Once internalized, HRP is found in endocytic vesicles which by HRP-cytochemical staining, show deposits which rim the luminal face of vesicle membrane. Once HRP is in lysosomes, cytochemical deposits are luminal. To test if HRP is actually associated with vesicle membrane, a hypotonic lysis assay was used. Postnuclear supernatants (PNS) from cells pulse labeled with HRP were lysed and the percent of HRP sedimenting with a high speed membrane fraction was used as a measure of membrane association. After a pulse, >60% of the total HRP internalized was pelletable. Hypotonic lysis of a PNS at different pH and temperature showed no significant difference in "pelletability" from 4℃ to 37℃ at neutral pH and only a slight decrease in "pelletability" with increased temperature (4℃ to 37℃) at pH M.6. Binding of HRP in a membrane preparation was pH and temperature stable. Uptake of native HRP in the presence of yeast mannan (19 mg/ml) or using periodate treated HRP also had little effect on "pelletability", suggesting the absence of sugar specific binding in endocytic vesicles. Using the hypotonic lysis assay of a PNS after different chase times, HRP dissociation from membrane was observed over a 30 minute chase period. Internalized HRP in the presence of yeast mannan (19 mg/ml), intravesicular pH elevators HEPES (40 mM) or monensin (10 μM), or substances which should deplete cellular ATP NaF/KCN (2 mM /1 mM), showed no inhibition of dissociation kinetics. A chase at 17℃ inhibited dissociation of HRP over the entire 30 minute period. This HRP binding site(s) appears unique to endocytic vesicles. A minimum of four steps in transport have been identified based on their sensitivity to inhibitors. HRP transport, identified by Percoll density gradient fractionation, was inhibited at 17°C and was sensitive to pH elevators (NH₄Cl, monensin, HEPES) and ATP depletion (NaF/KCN). Inhibition of transport appeared to be independent of HRP dissociation except at early temperature sensitive step(s). These results suggest that transport inhibition may be due to an effect on a) inhibition of membrane dissociation (early step(s)) and alteration of membrane fluidity (later steps) by reduced temperature and b) transmembrane events by pH elevators and ATP depletion. / Ph. D. / incomplete_metadata