The assessment of the safety of structures and of the risk of a structural failure under consideration of the consequences of damage or loss increasingly gain in importance from a technical viewpoint as well as from an economic perspective. The quality of the assessment results is essentially affected by the degree with which the computational model and the structural parameters are specified close to reality. To enable a reliable prediction of the safety and of the risk, a natural and extensive data bank is required. This is generally only of a limited extent and, moreover, uncertain. This can lead to serious mistakes in the safety and risk assessment of structures. In the present paper, the weaknesses of the currently used methods for safety and risk assessment are highlighted, and alternative models that provide qualitatively improved solutions are presented. / Die Beurteilung der Sicherheit von Tragwerken und die Abschätzung des Risikos eines Tragwerksversagens unter Beachtung der Schadensfolgen gewinnen sowohl aus technischer als auch aus wirtschaftlicher Sicht zunehmend an Bedeutung. Die Qualität der Aussagen wird wesentlich dadurch bestimmt, wie realitätsnah das Berechnungsmodell und die Tragwerksparameter gewählt werden. Um die Sicherheit und das Risiko verlässlich prognostizieren zu können, bedarf es realitätsnaher und umfassender Daten. Diese sind i. d. R. nur begrenzt vorhanden und außerdem unscharf. Das kann bei der Sicherheitsbeurteilung und Risikobewertung von Tragwerken zu groben Fehleinschätzungen führen. Im Beitrag werden die Defizite der derzeit gebräuchlichen Verfahren zur Sicherheits- und Risikobeurteilung herausgestellt und alternative Modelle vorgestellt, die qualitativ bessere Lösungen bieten.

Internet applications have been extended to various aspects of everyday life and offer services of high reliability and security. In the Academia, Internet applications offer useful tools for the remote creation of simulation models and real-time conduction of control experiments. The aim of this study was the design of a reliable, safe and secure software system for real time operation of a remote aero gas turbine, with the use of standard Internet technology at very low cost. The gas turbine used in this application was an AMT Netherlands Olympus micro gas turbine. The project presented three prototypes: operation from an adjacent computer station, operation within the Local Area Netwok (LAN) of Cranfield University and finally, remotely through the Internet. The gas turbine is a safety critical component, thus the project was driven by risk assessment at all the stages of the software process, which adhered to the Spiral Model. Elements of safety critical systems design were applied, with risk assessment present in every round of the software process. For the implementation, various software tools were used, with the majority to be open source API’s. LabVIEW with compatible hardware from National Instruments was used to interface the gas turbine with an adjacent computer work station. The main interaction has been established between the computer and the ECU of the engine, with additional instrumentation installed, wherever required. The Internet user interface web page implements AJAX technology in order to facilitate asynchronous update of the individual fields that present the indications of the operating gas turbine. The parameters of the gas turbine were acquired with high accuracy, with most attention given to the most critical indications, exhaust gas temperature (EGT) and rotational speed (RPM). These are provided to a designed real-time monitoring application, which automatically triggers actions when necessary. The acceptance validation was accomplished with a formal validation method – Model Checking. The final web application was inspired by the RESTful architecture and allows the user to operate the remote gas turbine through a standard browser, without requiring any additional downloading or local data processing. The web application was designed with provisions for generic applications. It can be configured to function with multiple different gas turbines and also integrated with external performance simulation or diagnostics Internet platforms. Also, an analytical proposal is presented, to integrate this application with the TURBOMATCH WebEngine web application, for gas turbine performance simulation, developed by Cranfield University.

This master’s thesis deals with the security machinery using available technologies. It contains a description to assess and reduce the risk of machine design of security measures and their application. In each section are provides descriptions of the standards, using the CIP Safety communication technology, design and implementation security measures of machine at two demonstration learning tasks.

The assessment of the safety of structures and of the risk of a structural failure under consideration of the consequences of damage or loss increasingly gain in importance from a technical viewpoint as well as from an economic perspective. The quality of the assessment results is essentially affected by the degree with which the computational model and the structural parameters are specified close to reality. To enable a reliable prediction of the safety and of the risk, a natural and extensive data bank is required. This is generally only of a limited extent and, moreover, uncertain. This can lead to serious mistakes in the safety and risk assessment of structures. In the present paper, the weaknesses of the currently used methods for safety and risk assessment are highlighted, and alternative models that provide qualitatively improved solutions are presented. / Die Beurteilung der Sicherheit von Tragwerken und die Abschätzung des Risikos eines Tragwerksversagens unter Beachtung der Schadensfolgen gewinnen sowohl aus technischer als auch aus wirtschaftlicher Sicht zunehmend an Bedeutung. Die Qualität der Aussagen wird wesentlich dadurch bestimmt, wie realitätsnah das Berechnungsmodell und die Tragwerksparameter gewählt werden. Um die Sicherheit und das Risiko verlässlich prognostizieren zu können, bedarf es realitätsnaher und umfassender Daten. Diese sind i. d. R. nur begrenzt vorhanden und außerdem unscharf. Das kann bei der Sicherheitsbeurteilung und Risikobewertung von Tragwerken zu groben Fehleinschätzungen führen. Im Beitrag werden die Defizite der derzeit gebräuchlichen Verfahren zur Sicherheits- und Risikobeurteilung herausgestellt und alternative Modelle vorgestellt, die qualitativ bessere Lösungen bieten.

The outputs that form the basis of this PhD submission include a web site that summarises a unique collection of over 200 Court Judgments in personal injury claims for work-related upper limb disorders heard in the UK, together with a number of more conventional publications. Individually, these outputs all address upper limb disorders associated with work although they each had slightly different objectives and the audiences for which they were produced significantly influenced the type of publication in which they appeared. Together, they help illustrate when, how and, to some extent, why upper limb disorders associated with keyboard use became the issue it did in the UK in the late 1980s and 1990s. While many might now regard keyboard or computer use as an innocuous task, in the late 1980s and 1990s upper limb disorders associated with keyboard use, particularly computer use, became the subject of litigation, legislation, industrial disputes and widespread publicity. The outputs on which this submission is based, together, suggest that following the importation of the concept of repetitive strain injuries (RSI) from Australia in the later 1980s, the activities of trades unions and journalists in the UK promoted work-relevant upper limb symptoms and disorders associated with keyboard use as work-induced injuries. Subsequently, a small number of successful, union-backed, personal injury claims, which involved contentious medical evidence and perhaps an element of iatrogenesis, were widely promoted as proof that computer use causes injury. Around the same time, the government chose to implement flawed Regulations relating to the design and use of computer workstations, which failed to distinguish between that which might give rise to discomfort, fatigue and frustration and that which might give rise to injury. The existence of these Regulations, which among other things require regular, individual risk assessments of computer users, unlike any other type of work, could be interpreted as further 'proof' that computer use causes injury. The approach to the prevention and management of musculoskeletal disorders advocated in current HSE guidance, including the risk assessment strategy, remain capable of generating distorted perceptions of the risks arising from keyboard and computer use.

Master´s thesis deals about problematic of fuzzy logic, fuzzy sets and operation with them. Also thesis describing procedure of quantification risks through fuzzy sets, process of fuzzyfication, defuzzyfication a theirs application in the expert systems FMEA and FMECA. Using selected chapters of czech states standards are established critical areas in building process, it is a chapters about quality, safety and environment. With these areas by using fuzzy sets theory are created the procentual input values in the decision program, created by Matlab. Output from program is decision how big the risk rate is and if is necessarily make corrective measures. A concrete example is the production of concrete goods, describing production process and composition of fresh concrete. A practical example, created by using information from real company, is a decision about the risk rate in the qualitative area.