1990 was International Literacy Year. A decade later, both our essential understandings of what 'literacy' means and our approaches to literacy have developed immensely. We now know that literacy is situated and multiple, complex and ideological; it is no singular, autonomous entity but an intricate mosaic of practices. It is part of the rich and varied social tapestry that is fashioned through the playing out of lives. This text explores some of the social practices of literacy in rural communities of Usulutan, El Salvador. It aims to form part of the New Literacies body of work, by taking an ethnographic / ideological approach to the study of literacy. Its main substantive foci are firstly, the uses of 'local' literacies as they relate to the socio-political and cultural environment of rural Usulutan, and secondly, the ways in which existing and imported discourses are taken up and used by people in Usulutan according to their own determined agendas, conceptualisations and visions. The study seeks to reveal the diversity and dissonance within local ideologies and literacy practices that seem often to lie hidden in research. It takes as its theoretical framework Bakhtin's noticon of discourse, to explore the meanings which are created when dominant and subordincated discursive streams meet and challenge one another. Experience in Usulutan has revealed that 'literacy' here is a totemic creation of discourses, an invention of ideology, actualised through its continuing iteration by dominant voices. This discourse of power is critiqued by the voices of adults in the rural communities of Usulutan, who engage with literacy as part of their creative strategies in negotiating struggles for resources and positioning within relationships. It forms a dynamic part of the imaginative and ingenious management of lives. This study has found that labels such as 'literate' and 'illiterate' cannot capture the extensive range of practices which are ongoing as people act out their own cultural texts within the complex and ever-changing social world of Usulutan. It contests autonomous notions of literacy as a site of deficit or deprivation, and challenges oversimplified views of literacy as 'empowerment'. Instead, it constructs a vision of local literacies in Usulutan as performances, as part of an original and inventive process of reshaping the social fabric and challenging subordination. Literacies form in this arena a site for the recreation of history and the construction of identity; they are not only reflective of social process but a powerful force for 'marching onwards'. The experiences in whcih this text is grounded have revealed that the struggle for voice int his corner of the world is no polarized conflict of 'oppression', no binary battle of wills, but rather a reflection of the fluid and shifting boundaries of language. Dominant and subordinated streams of discourse meet, reshape and co-construct each other ont he vast, uncertain plain of dialogue; Bakhtin's 'living and unrepeatable' play of language and light. It is here, at the moment of discursive encounter, and in the surrounding intricacies of social practices, that hte most powerful and meaningful of Geertz's webs of human significance are spun.

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"This paper will consider the critical reception of Madariaga's major English works by the important reviewing media in England and the United States. The Book Review Digest has been the major tool in gathering data. Its concise summaries of books have been used to indicate the scope and content of the books. It has also been used as a source of critical opinion found in the general reviewing media. In addition, scholarly journals in special fields of Madariaga's interest have been consulted for reviews of books which pertain to their respective fields"--Introduction. / Carbon copy of typescript. / "August, 1957." / "Submitted to the Graduate Council of Florida State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science." / Advisor: Robert Clapp, Professor Directing Paper. / Includes bibliographical references.

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BARROS, Fernanda Lícia de Santana. Salvador e suas influências Bantu: as fusões culturais que se aprende e ensina no registro da história e da memória. 2014. 133f. – Dissertação (Mestrado) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Programa de Pós-graduação em Educação Brasileira, Fortaleza (CE), 2014. / Submitted by Márcia Araújo (marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2014-11-28T12:38:47Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_dis_flsbarros.pdf: 9883546 bytes, checksum: 37800ad99feaca8687969d3c880e48a5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Márcia Araújo(marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2014-11-28T15:07:09Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_dis_flsbarros.pdf: 9883546 bytes, checksum: 37800ad99feaca8687969d3c880e48a5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-11-28T15:07:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_dis_flsbarros.pdf: 9883546 bytes, checksum: 37800ad99feaca8687969d3c880e48a5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Salvador and their Bantu influences: cultural fusions that learns and teaches in recorded history and the memory of this theme is research conducted in the city of Salvador, which seeks to investigate the Bantu influences of African descent in most neighborhoods. In Salvador the term Bantu is more commonly referred to Congo-Angola nation in soteropolitano imaginary. Importantly, this is not a job that will be searched or orishas nkisis, but the influences that that nation exercises in Salvador with its symbolism and tangible and intangible heritage, which contribute to teaching and learning supporters and followers contributing to the local history and memory are maintained. The research is qualitative, hemerografica (with use of major newspapers in Salvador) with emphasis on participatory research, making use of oral history. Oral history is being a methodological appeal as the basis of African religions, as in the yards orality is of fundamental importance that his followers learn to hold religious precepts in individual memory, collective memory and religious practices, as well as in memory of each district that were part of this work, being very common each bring their individual and collective history in shaping the city of Salvador. The research problem presents itself expressed in the question: What influences Bantu can be identified in the city of Salvador. Along with the goals is to identify the influences Bantu make up the city of Salvador; Discuss the importance of the religious heritage and history in memory of Salvador. List the main elements that characterize the Bantu culture through the yard, emphasizing their contribution while tangible and intangible heritage, decent education for their adherents and followers. / Salvador e suas influências Bantu: as fusões culturais que se aprende e ensina no registro da história e da memória é tema da presente pesquisa realizada na cidade do Salvador, que busca por investigar as influências Bantu nos bairros de maioria afrodescendente. Em Salvador o termo Bantu é mais comumente designado a nação Congo-Angola no imaginário soteropolitano. É importante salientar que não se trata de um trabalho em que será pesquisado os orixás ou nkisis, mas sim as influências que a referida nação exerce na capital baiana com seus simbolismos e patrimônios materiais e imateriais, que contribuem no ensino e aprendizado de adeptos e seguidores, contribuindo para que a memória e história local sejam mantidas. A pesquisa é qualitativa, hemerografica (com uso de jornais de grande circulação na capital baiana) com ênfase na pesquisa participante, fazendo uso da História oral. A história oral está sendo um recurso metodológico por ser a base das religiões de matrizes africanas, pois a oralidade nos terreiros é de fundamental importância para que seus seguidores aprendam a manter os preceitos religiosos na memória individual, memória coletiva e práticas religiosas, como também na memória de cada bairro que fizeram parte deste trabalho, por ser muito comum cada um deles trazer sua história individual e coletiva na formação da cidade do Salvador. O problema da pesquisa procura tratar quais influências Bantu podem ser identificadas na cidade do Salvador. Juntamente com os objetivos que é Identificar como as influências Bantu compõem a cidade do Salvador; Discutindo a importância da herança religiosa na memória e história da cidade do Salvador. Elencando os principais elementos que caracterizam a cultura Bantu, através do terreiro, ressaltando a sua contribuição enquanto patrimônio material e imaterial, acervo educativo para seus adeptos e seguidores.

Prepared by the Arid Lands Information Center, Office of Arid Lands Studies, University of Arizona ; Steven L. Hilty, compiler.

Tesis para optar al grado de Magíster en Gestión y Políticas Públicas / La problemática del aislamiento y la segregación que se produce en las ciudades latinoamericanas como parte de su morfología, las dinámicas económicas y productivas, así como el contexto de la sociedad que, se ve reflejada en las condiciones de vida en los grupos de vulnerabilidad y de manera más específicas en las mujeres, ha sido una preocupación que persiste en los gobiernos de la región. Debido a esta preocupación se han implementado diversas medidas a nivel internacional para dar solución al problema. Entre ellas destaca el Modelo de Servicios Integrados , llevado a cabo por el Gobierno de El Salvador, a través de Ciudad Mujer , modelo novedoso y sistematizado que ofrece servicios integrados y especializados, bajo un mismo techo, a las mujeres salvadoreñas para el mejoramiento de su calidad de vida. Al tener en cuenta los puntos anteriores, la presente tesis tiene por objetivo analizar desde un enfoque de intervención del espacio público, el diálogo que guarda el Modelo de Ciudad Mujer con la influencia derivada de los Principios Unificadores del Enfoque de Derechos Humanos, convirtiéndolo en un factor vital para brindar servicios a las mujeres en situación de vulnerabilidad. El análisis se realizó a través de un enfoque cualitativo de Estudio de Caso. Los resultados se sustentan en entrevistas semiestructuradas (19), distribuidas entre las usuarias del programa, funcionarias de la entidad ejecutora, técnicos gubernamentales, así como técnicos financieros. También, se desarrolló el análisis de diversas fuentes de información acerca del diseño y el funcionamiento del programa, con la finalidad de establecer la trayectoria de la intervención del espacio público; aportando una propuesta de referencia para futuros estudios. Entre los principales resultados del estudio, se constata que la multiplicidad de criterios técnicos y políticos, coincidieron para viabilizar los procesos de intervención del espacio público, sin modificar el Enfoque de Derechos Humanos del modelo. Los centros de Ciudad Mujer, redujeron las barreras para acceder a los servicios, resaltando principios trascendentales como accesibilidad, integración y territorialidad. Por otra parte, los elementos principales que permiten que el modelo pueda ser replicable en otros contextos se concentran en el buen trato, la armonía y la innovación.

Many development organizations now recognize the importance of culturally sensitive project design and implementation. Unfortunately most of these groups continue to disregard the significance of gender. This qualitative research examines a women's cooperative in rural El Salvador which formed in order to find a means of generating income and to improve the general status of women in this region. One purpose of this qualitative research was to investigate what, if any, economic and social benefits the cooperative members received through their involvement. Another purpose was to analyze the models of development employed by the agencies involved in implementing four cooperative projects, as well as the member's attitudes toward those projects. Data presented in this thesis was collected during a fifteen-month period in 1994 and 1995, and a one-month period in 1998. Twenty-six cooperative members were interviewed in 1998. The four projects investigated include cows and nutrition, land and reforestation, artisan crafts and corn mills. These findings indicate that the empowerment model of development, in which self-reliance is maintained and strategic gender needs are met through mobilizing around practical gender needs, is the most successful. Focusing on local knowledge and preserving the agency of the target population are critical to project success. The findings also show that social power is attained by many women in the cooperative as increased self-esteem and involvement lead to gaining a legitimate voice in community affairs. Economic power, however, is only achieved by maintaining a paid leadership position within the cooperative. This research makes recommendations centered on improved access to credit. / Graduation date: 2001

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Rutgers University, 2009. / "Graduate Program in Global Affairs." Includes bibliographical references (p. 173-180).