Les applications vidéo rencontrent un franc succes dans les nouveaux réseaux de communication. Leur utilisation dans des contextes de plus en plus difficiles : réseaux de paquets non fiables (internet), diffusion vers des récepteurs mobiles via des canaux sans fil, ont requis le développement de nouvelles solutions plus efficaces et mieux adaptées. Les travaux de cette thèse sont une tentative de réponse à ces besoins. Les solutions qui ont été développées peuvent être regroupées en deux ensembles : des solutions issues de travaux nouveaux développés dans un contexte d'utilisation ordinaire et des solutions issues de l'amélioration et l'optimisation de travaux existants développés pour des contextes extrêmes.Le canal de Bernoulli a représenté pour nous le cadre de travail pour le développement des nouvelles solutions. Ainsi pour les applications de diffusion vidéo, nous avons ciblé la protection inégale et avons développé un mécanisme à protection inégale des données vidéo (DA-UEP). Ce mécanisme se situe à proximité de la source vidéo et adapte le niveau de protection des données à leur degré d'importance. Son originalité réside dans sa manière d'intégrer la particularité d'interdépendances des données vidéo dans le générateur de la protection inégale. Dans un travail d'approfondissement et d'exploration, nous avons combiné la protection inégale des couches hautes produite par DA-UEP avec de la protection inégale de la couche physique produite par de la modulation hiérarchique. L'optimisation de ce système a permis d'obtenir des gains significatifs et a validé le bien fondé de cette piste de recherche. Pour les communications vidéo interactives, nous avons évalué les performances du mécanisme Tetrys pour les communications vidéo. Ce mécanisme de codage à la volée avec intégration des acquittements a permis d'obtenir des résultats à la hauteur de ceux obtenus par la protection inégale dans un cadre de diffusion. Ces résultats ont aussi permis de mettre en avant tout le potentiel de ce mécanisme.Pour les canaux satellites mobiles, nous nous sommes intéressés à la diffusion vidéo vers des récepteurs mobiles. Dans ce cadre, nous avons évalué des mécanismes tels que les codes correcteurs d'erreurs, les entrelaceurs de la couche physique et de la couche liaison et les codes à effacement de niveau intermédiaire. Nous avons travaillé sur un canal réaliste en prenant en compte les contraintes pratiques telles que les temps de zapping et la vitesse de déplacement des récepteurs. Nous avons révélé les relations qui existent entre vitesse de déplacement, étalement spatial et qualité de réception. Ainsi, nous avons pu mettre en évidence les combinaisons de mécanismes qui permettent d'obtenir les meilleurs résultats en termes de fiabilité et de temps de zapping dans ce contexte particulier. / Video applications are growing more and more successful in the new communication networks. Their utilization in growing harder context as lossy packet network (Interne), satellitemobile broadcasting wireless channel, call for the developments of more ecient and well adapted solutions. The work done in this thesis is an attempt to answer those new needs. The proposed solutions can be grouped into two sets : solutions based on new works developed for medium context and solutions based on the improvement and optimization of existing works developed for extremes contexts. The Bernoulli channel represented the working environment to develop new solutions. So for video streaming application, we targeted unequal protection mechanisms and developed dependency-aware unequal protection codes (DA-UEP). This mechanism is located near the source application and adapt the protection level to the importance of the data. Its originality comes from its ability to integrate video data dependencies into the protection generator. In a forward work of improvement and exploration, we combined DA-UEP unequal protection from high layers with hierarchical-modulation unequal protection from lower layer. The system optimization achieves substantial gains and validate the righteous of this research area. For conversational video applications, we evaluated the performances of Tetrys in the video communication context. This On-the-y coding mechanism with acknowledgment integration achieves performances as high as those obtained by unequal protection in streaming context. Those performances also advances the high potential of this mechanism. The land mobile satellite channels represented the working environment to improve and optimize existing solutions. We particulary focus on satellite to mobile video broadcasting applications. In this context, we evaluated mechanisms such as forward errors correcting codes (FEC), data interleaving at physical or link layers and forward erasures correcting codes at intermediates layers. The evaluation is made on a realistic satellite channel and takes into account practical constraints such as the maximum zapping time and the user mobility at several speeds. We reveal the existing relations between user velocity, data spreading and reception quality. Consequently, We identied the combinations of mechanisms that give the best performance in terms of reliability and zapping time in this particular framework.

The purpose of this study was to examine changing news practices especially at the moment of going live in a convergent broadcasting newsroom. The study chose Al Jazeera English, a leading international news network, as a case and adopted content analysis and ethnographic research methods to examine both the content and process of breaking news and live reporting. The professional practices in making breaking, live news were changed as a result of the implementation of convergent journalism in AJE’s newsroom. These changes in both news products and news production were accounted for by the interrelated influences of a set of external and internal factors at the levels of newsroom and organization.

Satellite channels were introduced in Saudi Arabia in the 1980s by limited elite wealthy Saudis. The new communication technologies during the 1990s made it possible for a large number of Saudis to switch to different kinds of direct broadcasting satellite channels using low cost equipment to receive hundreds of uncensored television programmes. Before the spread of satellite dishes throughout the country, Saudis were only able to view two government controlled TV channels offering limited types of programmes compared to what is offered on satellite. Satellite channels and programmes contain cultural messages and images from the originating countries that, it may be argued, are incompatible with Saudi Arabia's Islamic cultural values. No qualitative study, to-date, has investigated the satellite channel viewing habits of the Saudi community in general, in spite of the existence of strong concerns about the influence of such habits on Saudi culture. The present research then, is a study of the relationship between audiences and satellite in Saudi Arabia and an analysis of the implications of this relationship for local culture. The research is placed within the context of current scholarship on satellite audiences and of debates about global media and culture, and media and cultural imperialism. It uses quantitative and qualitative data to answer questions about young Saudi adults' use of satellite TV and their beliefs about its influences, and the effect of viewing satellite television on the usage of other media, particularly the two Saudi local TV channels. The researcher draws upon aspects of the uses and gratifications approach which focuses on the audience as the primary element in understanding the mass communication process. This approach also focuses on how people utilise media content. Whilst there have been a number of studies of TV and satellite audiences, these have neither systematically examined the qualitative dimensions of satellite usage in relation to quantitative data, nor have they discussed their findings in relation to wider debates about the cultural impact of satellite communications in Saudi Arabia. The present study is therefore useful for providing the basis for further cross-cultural comparisons between the media in Western and Arab worlds. Two key primary data collecting techniques, a quantitative survey of 438 male and female university students, and a series of eight in-depth focus group sessions involving 51 individuals, were used to obtain information about young adults' uses of the media in general, and satellite TV in particular, in Saudi Arabia . This combination of these quantitative and qualitative methods was relatively new in the field context. Survey and focus group questions were piloted between mid December 2000 and mid February 2001 at King Abdul-Aziz University in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. After slight amendments and modifications, the main fieldwork was undertaken from March 2001 to July 2001. The study found young Saudi adults watched satellite channels quite extensively, and the most preferred channels they chose to view were Arab channels, whose programmes depend on entertainment that is presented in a Western manner. Research findings indicated that the image of the Saudi media working within the country's borders was low. The extent of the study sample's exposure to satellite channels was greater than their exposure to local Saudi television. Most of the findings support the 'glocalisation' thesis where the global is heavily mediated through Arab versions of the global or Western culture. The study also highlighted possible influences of conflicting cultural messages from external media on the local culture.

Yes / A new generation of satellite systems that support regenerative on-board processors (OBPs) and multiple spot beam technology have opened new and efficient possibilities of implementing IP multicast communication over satellites. These new features have widened the scope of satellite-based applications and also enable satellite operators to efficiently utilize their allocated bandwidth resources. This makes it possible to provide cost effective satellite network services. IP multicast is a network layer protocol designed for group communication to save bandwidth resources and reduce processing overhead on the source side. The inherent broadcast nature of satellites, their global coverage (air, land, and sea), and direct access to a large number of subscribers imply satellites have unrivalled advantages in supporting IP multicast applications. IP mobility support in general and IP mobile multicast support in particular on mobile satellite terminals like the ones mounted on long haul flights, maritime vessels, continental trains, etc., still remain big challenges that have received very little attention from the research community. This paper proposes how Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6)-based IP multicast mobility support defined for terrestrial networks can be adopted and used to support IP mobile multicast in future satellite networks, taking cognizance of the trend in the evolution of satellite communications.

廣播電視是人民表達思想與言論之重要媒體，具有反映公意，強化民主，啟迪新知，促進文化、道德、經濟等各方面之發展功能，並負有形成公共意見之社會責任。以廣播電視方式表達言論之自由，國家固應予以保障。惟基於權利不得濫用之法理，如有藉傳播媒體妨害善良風俗、破壞社會安寧、危害國家利益或侵害他人權利等情形者，國家亦得依法予以限制。（司法院釋字第364號解釋參照） 對於欲經營衛星廣播電視事業者，衛星廣播電視法係採許可方式以為管制，賦予主管機關得遂行事前審查之機制，以確保進入市場之經營者，能提供真實正確且未被操控之資訊、意見及娛樂，並促進人民對政府及公共事務之關心，進而引起公眾討論，善盡其增進人民知之權利及監督政府施政等公共責任。主管機關於遂行事前管制之相關作為時，應受到法治國原則之制約，依法行政則是最基本之要求，其他諸如平等原則、比例原則、以及行政法上一般原理原則等，亦應確實遵守。在行政決定之程序上，應符合形式及實質之正當性，以維護人民權益。 經營許可之法律管制規範內容，對於人民之基本權利，諸如言論自由、營業自由、財產權等影響甚為重大。本文擬透過學理及實務之見解，探討衛星廣播電視法律管制之規範內容，並以經營許可為本文研究重心。有關衛星廣播電視之行政爭訟，主要原因是行政處分之違法或不當所致。因此，本文擬從衛星廣播電視事業提起訴願及行政訴訟之案件中，挑選幾件較具代表性之個案，以為探討分析。 關鍵詞：衛星廣播電視、經營許可、行政爭訟 / Broadcasts is important media which enable people to state their ideas and commentary, thereby allowing public opinion to be expressed. By providing the platform for people to express themselves these media play crucial roles in terms of reinforcing democracy, advancing knowledge, and promoting cultural, moral and economic development. At the same time, broadcasting, with all their influential power, should take a certain social responsibility. The freedom of speech through these media is protected under the legal system. However, in order to prevent these media from abusing their privilege the state should restrain their freedom according to related laws and regulations if they spread immoral materials, disturb the public, endanger the state, or infringe upon the rights of others.（Reference：No.364. Justices of the Constitutional Court, Judicial Yuan.） The satellite broadcasting industry is regulated by the Satellite Broadcasting Act. The Act ensures that the operators provide truthful information, opinion and entertainment by enacting laws of operation permit, requiring standardized applications from the operators which will be evaluated by specialized regulatory agency. This Act can also enhance citizens’ care for the government and public affair, serving as the informer which triggers public discussion and therefore promote people’s right to know and to supervise the government and its policies. The regulatory agency should follow the law when they conduct the regulation ex ante. In addition to acting upon the principle of administration according to law, the regulatory agency should also follow other codes such as the egalitarianism, proportionality. The procedure should be justice in letter and in spirit so as to protect people’s right. The operation permit is very important in terms of protecting people’s fundamental rights such as the freedom of speech, freedom of business operations, and property right. Focusing on the regulations of operation permit, this research proposes to discuss the contents of the satellite broadcasting law from both theoretical and practical approaches. It is worth noticing that most of the administrative petition and administrative litigations are caused by illegal or inappropriate administrative sanctions. Therefore in this paper I will try to analyze the most representative cases. Keywords: Satellite broadcasting, Operation permit, Administrative petition and administrative litigation.

This dissertation is about the production of national identity in the transnational age. Focusing on the specific example of Egyptian television, this dissertation argues that new production imperatives, mainly in satellite television and internet, have changed the way that television is produced in the Arabic speaking Middle East, most significantly away from direct state control. The changes in production accompany changes in distribution and consumption of electronic media and are significantly rewriting the ways that shared cultural identities in the Middle East, including nationalism, religious, and other significant identities, are produced, consumed and replicated. This dissertation approaches these topics by relating two specific televisual texts, the Ramadan serials Malek Farouq and Gamal Abdel Nasser, to larger changes in Arab and Egyptian television production. / text

The TV series represent a specific phenomenon in Egypt and other Arab countries. Albeit generally regarded as an uninteresting part of popular culture rather than a sort of art, the TV dramas should be seriously taken into consideration by all of social, history, and art scientists. Firstly, because of the extreme popularity among the large majority of the Egyptians, the series are often used by authorities for spreading certain ideological and political messages. The questions of national unity and the rise of militant Islam were chosen as examples to prove this in the thesis. Secondly, the Egyptian TV series reflect the social changes in Egyptian society and promote modernisation. This is shown in the thesis on the cases of marriage and the woman status. The production of TV series in Egypt is enormous and watching them is very widespread. Therefore, the TV dramas represent a powerful means to influence Egyptian society. Keywords: TV series, television, Egypt, popular culture, film, television drama, Egyptian society, social changes, satellite broadcasting, media.

This master’s theses consists of theoretical introduction which includes basic search of referenced literature about digital television systems and picture quality classification. The results of signal character measurement of selected TV channels from satellites ASTRA 1E (DVB-S) and ASTRA 1L (DVB-S2) are provided. The energy budget calculation of downlink and results of 24-hour TS error rate measurement is included as well. The video quality by DVQL metric for each particular program of CS link stream was measured during full 24 hours.

Modern Web or ¿Eternal-Beta¿ applications necessitate a flexible and easy-to-use data management platform that allows the evolutionary development of databases and applications. The classical approach of relational database systems following strictly the ACID properties has to be extended by an extensible and easy-to-use persistency layer with specialized DB features. Using the underlying concept of Software as a Service (SaaS) also enables an economic advantage based on the ¿economy of the scale¿, where application and system environments only need to be provided once but can be used by thousands of users. Within this tutorial, we are looking at the current state-of-the-art from different perspectives. We outline foundations and techniques to build database services based on the SaaS-paradigm. We discuss requirements from a programming perspective, show different dimensions in the context of consistency and reliability, and also describe different non-functional properties under the umbrella of Service-Level agreements (SLA).