The purpose of this study was to examine whether repetition affects the experience of game animation. Through an experiment we divided people with gaming habits into two groups to view an animated run-cycle. The cycle, almost a second long, was repeated continuously. One of the groups viewed the cycle for 10 seconds whereas the other group viewed the same cycle, but for 120 seconds. The participants experiences were documented through a questionnaire that was later supplemented with a more thorough interview. Their statements were compiled using open coding in order to find similarities and differences between the two groups.The results of the experiment show tendencies that the group that viewed the cycle for 120 seconds expressed a change of experience with time, often for the worse, even if the animation itself didn't change. This differs from the other group, which had viewed the cycle for 10 seconds, which generally didn't report any changes of experience. From this we draw the conclusion that, in an experiment stripped of story, environment and context, game animation that repeats frequently tends to cause a change of experience with repetitions. How and why this change of experience occurs can only be discussed in this study even though there's similarities with theories as PECMA Flow and semanticsatiation. Further studies into the subject is required to fully understand the phenomenon and to apply the findings in real, complex games. / Syftet med den här studien är att undersöka om repetition påverkar upplevelsen av spelanimation. Genom ett experiment delade vi in personer med spelvana i två grupper för att titta på en animerad springcykel. Cykeln var knappt en sekund lång och upprepades kontinuerligt. En grupp fick titta på cykeln i 10 sekunder och den andragruppen fick se samma cykel, fast i 120 sekunder. Deltagarnas upplevelser registrerades via ett frågeformulär som sedan kompletterades av en mer djupgående intervju. Deras svar sammanställdes via öppen kodning för att finna samband och skillnader mellan de två grupperna. Experimentets resultat visar på tendenser att gruppen som sett på cykeln i 120 sekunder uttryckte att upplevelsen av animationen förändrades med tiden, ofta till det sämre, även om animationen inte ändrades. Detta skiljde sig från gruppen som endast såg 10 sekunder av springcykeln som generellt inte uttryckte någon upplevelseförändring. Utifrån detta drar vi slutsatsen att, i ett experiment avskilt från story, miljö och kontext, tenderar spelanimation som upprepas att orsaka en upplevelseförändring över tid. Hur och varför denna upplevelseförändring uppstår går endast att diskutera i den här undersökningen även om det går att se samband med teorier som PECMA Flow och semantic satiation. Vidare studier inom ämnet krävs för att fullt förstå fenomenet och för att kunna applicera fynden i verkliga, komplexa spel.

Thesis (PhD)-- Stellenbosch University, 1924. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: No abstract available / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Sien artikel vir opsomming

This thesis explores the nature of linguistic introspection through the phenomenon known in the literature as the Syntactic Satiation Effect, where the perceived unacceptability of some syntactic structures is attenuated on repeated exposure. Recent findings suggest that rating change in experimental settings may not reveal the underlying grammatical status of syntactic objects by mitigating performance factors related to memory limitations, as initially proposed, but rather arise as a response bias conditioned by characteristics of some experimental designs, in effect introducing task-based performance factors. Findings from rating and reading times suggest that there is evidence supporting both accounts of rating change in experimental designs and highlights areas of development for the Experimental Syntax program. Exploring anecdotal reports, Snyder (2000) found that in as few as five exposures, participants found some types of wh-extraction anomaly (‘weak Islands’) significantly more acceptable at the end of the session compared to the beginning whereas others (‘strong Islands’) did not experience any rating improvement. Varied success in replicating initial results casts doubts on the proposal that rating data, experimentally elicited, can tease apart grammatical from performance sources of unacceptability. Sprouse (2009) suggests an alternative –Satiation arises as an artifact of a disproportionate number of ungrammatical to grammatical sentences in the testing session. This approach provides an explanation for the apparent mismatch in findings, but also highlights issues regarding the advances of experimental syntax: do experimental methods provide better data or do aspects of some designs systematically introduce extraneous influences themselves? Evidence from three rating and two self-paced reading tasks suggests that although robust evidence supporting the memory-based claim is not found, evidence that Satiation is strictly task-based is not substantiated either; sentences that satiate are similar across experiments. A novel observation is made that satiating sentences are also more readily interpretable than non-satiating sentences – providing some explanation for the apparent mismatch between Satiation studies, and also points to another source of variability associated with experimental approaches to linguistic intuition. In sum, evidence here underlines the composite nature of introspection, points areas of refinement for experimental techniques and advocates for the adoption of cross-methodological procedures to enhance syntactic investigation.

The purpose of this research has been to investigate the ability of subjects of three mental ability levels—normal, educable retardates, and trainable retardates—to recognize and identify familiar visual images projected in a manner assuring standard degrees of ambiguity of the projected images under the conditions of social satiation and non-satiation.

La variété de l'offre alimentaire actuelle incite à l'hyperphagie qui est en partie responsable de la prise de poids corporel. Réduire la consommation est ainsi devenu une contrainte pour une certaine partie de la population. Dans ce contexte, les fibres, qui sont des glucides non-digestibles dans l'intestin grêle, permettent de réduire la prise alimentaire, d'atténuer les sensations de faim et/ou d'augmenter les sensations de satiété. Cependant, les mécanismes comportementaux, périphériques et centraux à l'origine de ces effets sont mal-connus. Leur capacité à maintenir cet effet anorexigène en présence d'autres nutriments comme les lipides et les protéines a également été très peu étudiée.L'étude de ces mécanismes est l'objet de cette thèse. Des fibres telles que la gomme de guar (GG) fortement viscosifiante et le fructo-oligosaccharide (FOS) très fermentescible ont été administrées, en début de journée, aux souris sous forme de solution à raison de 700 µL et à une dose de 3%, 5% et 14% via un gavage intra-gastrique. Cette étude a montré que les solutions fortement visqueuses, notamment le GG 5% et le mélange GG-FOS 14% étaient les seules capables d'exercer un effet anorexigène à court terme comparées aux solutions moins visqueuses comme l'eau, le GG 3%, le FOS 14% et les solutions de nutriments comme les protéines (peptides de caséine) et les lipides (huile de colza) qui fournissent 10% de l'ingéré calorique quotidien des animaux (1.2 kcal). Pour le cas du mélange visqueux GG-FOS 14%, la baisse de la prise alimentaire est due au rassasiement (réduction de 50% de la taille et de la durée du repas dans les 30 premières minutes post-ingestion). Cette baisse, non compensée jusqu'à la fin de la journée, n'est pas associée à une aversion gustative conditionnée. Ce rassasiement est dû à l'intégration au niveau du centre de contrôle de la taille du repas (NTS), des signaux vagaux de distension gastrique et de la cholecystokinine (CCK). Quand les fibres visqueuses GG 5% et GG-FOS 14% sont mélangées avec des protéines, elles perdent leur effet anorexigène. L'action de les mélanger avec les lipides a par contre montré que seul le mélange visqueux GG-FOS 14% est capable d'exercer un effet anorexigène. L'effet anorexigène du mélange lipide et GG-FOS 14% est dû au niveau de chaque repas aux signaux mécaniques gastriques et CCK vagaux, et à l'axe PYY- système mélanocortique hypothalamique pour le maintien de l'effet sur la journée.En conclusion, les fibres visqueuses sont des nutriments qui peuvent participer au contrôle de la prise alimentaire en stimulant le rassasiement. Elles sont capables de maintenir cet effet en milieu lipidique. Elles pourraient ainsi être ajoutées aux aliments riches en lipides pour mieux contrôler la prise alimentaire et le poids corporel. / The various types of food currently marketed encourage people to eat more, thus leading to weight gain, and reducing food intake has become challenging. To help deal with this, it was shown that dietary fibers decreased food intake and/or feelings of hunger while increasing those of satiety. However, the behavioral, peripheral and central mechanisms underlying this phenomenon are not well known. This study was undertaken in order to characterize these mechanisms. Dietary fibers such as the highly viscous guar gum (GG) and the highly fermentable fructo-oligosaccharide (FOS), in doses of 3%, 5% and 14%, were given to mice by intra-gastric gavage of 700 µL volume. It appeared that highly viscous fibers such as GG 5% and the mixture GG-FOS 14% were able to decrease food intake compared to less viscous preloads such as water, FOS and nutrient solutions (protein solution with casein peptides, lipid solution with rapeseed oil supplying 1.2 kcal or 10% of daily energy intake in mice). Specifically, the mixture GG-FOS 14% induced satiation by reducing the size and duration of meals during the first 30 min post-treatment. This effect was neither compensated for by the end of the day, nor was it associated with conditioned taste aversion. The GG-FOS 14% -induced satiation was due to gastric distension and vagal CCK signaling which were integrated at the level of the NTS, a nucleus controlling meal size. Moreover, mixing GG 5% and GG-FOS 14% with protein abolished their food intake inhibitory effect. In contrast, when mixed with lipid, GG-FOS 14% maintained its anorexigenic effect. The mixture of lipid and GG-FOS 14% stimulated satiation which involved vagal CCK signaling, gastric distension and the NTS. Additionally, the communication between systemic PYY and melanocortic neurons at the level of the hypothalamus was implicated in the anorexigenic effect of this mixtureIn conclusion, viscous dietary fibers can control food intake by stimulating satiation. They are able to maintain their anorexigenic effect in lipid media such that they can be added to foods containing more fat in order to control food intake and body weight.

No description available.

No description available.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1980. / Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 76-79).

This study examined the effects of three fixed-duration free operant access conditions on rates of automatically maintained stereotypic behavior and correct task responding during discrete trial training (DTT) with two children diagnosed with autism. Following a functional analysis, confirming automatic function, interviews/observations were conducted to identify behavioral indicators of satiation and an average satiation level. In this endeavor, participants were exposed to a free operant condition to validate satiation of stereotypic responding. Once satiation level was averaged, two durational conditions were computed: Long (75% access) and Short (25% access). A third condition, Deprivation, involved blocking all attempts at the stereotypic response for the average duration till satiation. An alternating treatment design was used to examine the effects of these three conditions on stereotypy and correct responding during subsequent discrete trial tasks. For both, participants correct responding did not seem to be affected by the length of the pre-session access to the stereotypic behavior prior to the DTT session. For Marcus, the Long condition may have acted as an abolishing operation (AO) during DTT. Following the Short condition he engaged in higher rates of the stereotypic behaviors during his DTT sessions compared to the other conditions. For the Sara, it appears that pre-session access to stereotypy had little effect on stereotypic behavior during DTT sessions.

Although reducing eating rate is frequently advocated for control of food intake, empirical evidence is limited and inconsistent. The present study sought to address the methodological concerns inherent in previous studies that could account for these inconsistent results. In addition, it extended the results of a preliminary study coauthored by this writer (Azrin, Kellen, Brooks, Ehle, & Vinas, 2009) by obtaining two measures of satiation; the subjective sensation of satiation and the objective measure of food eaten. In the present study, 14 male participants consumed two meals, one meal at an instructed fast rate and one meal at an instructed slow rate. Slow eating was accompanied by enhancing the conditioned stimuli associated with eating (time spent chewing and savoring of taste). The meals were eaten on two consecutive days at the same time, in a counterbalanced order, in the participant's natural environment, and were characteristic of each participant's reported typical diet. Participants ate until reaching subjective satiation, i.e., the point at which they felt "comfortably full with no desire to continue eating". Consuming food at a slow rate was found to help participants achieve a greater degree of subjective satiation with comparable amounts of food intake. Participants consumed on average 37% more food when eating fast. These results suggest that slow eating enhances subjective satiation and reduces food consumption; and may constitute an effective means of weight management. A theoretical explanation is suggested as to why previous studies examining the effect of eating rate on satiation have produced inconsistent results.