Reduced water availability and salinity are two major environmental factors influencing crop establishment in semi-arid environments. Therefore the effect of reduced water availability using polyethylene glycol (PEG) 4000 solutions and of salinity (NaCl) on the germination of six soybean cultivars was examined. Cultivars differed in their response to reduced water availability and salinity and in their ability to recover from the stresses. A large increase in germination during a recovery period at 0 MPa following water stress suggested that PEG was not toxic whilst the failure of seeds to recover from high salinity revealed the toxic effects of NaCl. At the same water potential, germination in saline conditions was higher than that in PEG and the rate of water uptake by individual seeds was more rapid in NaCl solutions than in PEG. The most plausible explanation for the greater water uptake and germination in NaCl is that seeds accumulated salts which lowered their osmotic potential. The effects of NaCl on seedling growth were much greater when experiments were conducted in a hydroponic system compared with a paper towel method. However, analysis of the solutions soaking the paper towels revealed that 4.25<I> </I>mMolal Ca2⁺ was available to the seeds in this system in saline conditions. This may have reduced Na⁺ uptake or provided a protective effect against Na⁺ toxicity. Germination (40%) was possible at a tissue Na⁺ concentration in the embryonic axis of 9.3mg g-1 FW whilst seedling growth was completely inhibited at a tissue Na⁺ concentration of 6.1 mg g^-1FW. Germination at higher tissue Na⁺ concentrations was associated with higher K⁺+Ca2⁺ concentrations, suggesting that these ions may protect the seeds in the pregermination phase against salinity. A reduction in seed vigour due to ageing resulted in reduced germination under saline conditions compared to the germination of unaged seeds, but there was no significant interaction between salinity and seed ageing. However, unaged seeds showed a greater increase in germination after transfer to 0 MPa than did the aged seeds. Since both the site of ageing and the toxic effect of NaCl is the cell membrane, there may be additive effects of NaCl toxicity on cell membrane in aged seeds.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, Riverside, 2009. / Includes abstract. Title from first page of PDF file (viewed March 23, 2010). Includes bibliographical references (p. 183-185). Issued in print and online. Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations.

Thesis (M.A.)--Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, 1999. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 150-162).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2006. / Title from first page of PDF file. Includes bibliographical references (p. 195-210).

First generation and low income college students continue to experience outcome differences despite higher education’s efforts to reduce inequality. Despite abundant research exploring intelligence mindset, there have been few attempts to explore relationships between mindset and scarcity. To reduce this gap in knowledge, and support student success, this study explored relationships between scarcity and beliefs about intelligence – including the intelligence mindset of students and the failure mindset of parents – as well as the connection between scarcity and student demographics. Survey research design was used, and participants were gathered using a census of undergraduate students of a Midwest university in spring 2020 (N = 9,760). Results indicate scarcity continues to be of vital importance to the discussion about inequity in higher education, as found in the direct relationships between perceived scarcity and student demographics, and the indirect relationship of perceived scarcity with intelligence mindset through perceived failure mindset of parents.

The question of context in architecture theory has become more complex and controversial as globalization, urbanisation and resource scarcity have added yet more layers to the debate (O’Donnell 2016:380). As these aspects increasingly enter every facet of our lives, its effect on architecture has resulted in a development approach that is exploitative of people, nature and culture (Fioramonti 2017:3). This study argues that working with scarcity in a productive manner could lead to an alternative approach for development. A critical look at the continuum of architectural discourse and its engagement with issues of context will place the debate in a broad historical context which ranges from theories posed by Vitruvius to current theories on the vernacular, to establish the role of the architect as an enabler of social space. An in-depth context analysis of the spatial logics found in Mamelodi East (City of Tshwane, South Africa) will consider the spatial relationship and rules of engagement that allow certain patterns of living and public exchange to emerge. This paper argues that there are key lessons to be learnt from this logic because of the way in which people are resolving daily problems under the construction of scarcity. Till (2014:9) argues that scarcity will become an inevitable feature of modern life. However, these limits will not lead to the end of design or an emasculated version of it, but will rather open up new fields in which the designer may operate. The strength thus lies in defining a response to a vernacular through its understanding of scarcity and the rules of engagement in which new roles and opportunities through architecture can emerge. / Konteks in argitektuurteorie word meer kompleks en kontroversieel soos globalisering, verstedeliking en hulpbronskaarste meer lae by die debat voeg (O’Donnell 2016: 380). Namate hierdie aspekte elke faset van ons lewe betree, lei dit tot ‘n ontwikkelingsbenadering wat die uitbuiting van mense, natuur en kultuur tot gevolg het (Fioramonti 2017: 3). Hierdie studie is van mening dat die produktiewe omgang met skaarste, ‘n alternatiewe benadering tot ontwikkeling kan wees. ‘n Kritiese ontleding van argitektoniese diskoers en die dissipline se betrokkenheid by kontekstuele kwessies plaas die debat in ‘n breë historiese konteks - van Vitrivius tot die hedendaagse teorieë - om sodoende die rol van die argitek as ‘n fasiliteerder van sosiale ruimte te identifiseer. ‘n In-diepte konteksanalise van die ruimtelike logika van Mamelodi- Oos (Tshwane, Suid-Afrika), sal die verhouding en onderliggende reëls vir sosiale en ruimtelike interaksie ontleed. Dit is hierdie verhouding wat sekere lewenstylpatrone en sosiale interaksie moontlik maak. Hierdie studie beweer dat daar belangrike lesse uit hierdie logika geleer kan word, omdat mense, temidde van die skaarste aan hulpbronne, hulle daaglikse probleme oplos. Till (2014:9) beweer dat skaarsheid ‘n onvermydelike aspek van die moderne lewe sal word. Hierdie beperkinge sal nie noodwendig tot die einde van ontwerp of ‘n magtelose weergawe daarvan lei nie, maar sal eerder nuwe uitdagings vir die ontwerper bied. Die waarde lê daarin om deur ‘n studie van die volkstaalargitektuur wat op die skaarsheid van hulpbronne en die reëls vir sosiale interaksie gebasseer is, nuwe rolle en geleenthede vir formele argitektuur te skep. / Mini Dissertation MArch(Prof)--University of Pretoria, 2018. / Architecture / MArch(Prof) / Unrestricted

Jordan is among the poorest countries in the world with respect to water resources. Water scarcity in Jordan is an alarming problem that can jeopardize the economy and the stability of the country. It is a multidimensional problem caused by many factors such as the fluctuation of annual precipitation rates, the rapid change in population caused by the refugee influx from neighbouring countries, and the economic situation of the country. The water scarcity problem is aggravated by limitations in water management. This research investigated the shortcomings of water management that contribute to water scarcity. It involves a literature review, a survey questionnaire and interviews. These methods aim to assess the current challenges that prompt water scarcity, understand the water management shortcomings and their causes, identify the existing government solutions for water scarcity, and propose a sustainable solution for this problem. The research finds that water management in Jordan has several shortcomings such as the lack of monitoring and controlling water resources and preventing illegal drilling, the incapability of the government to reduce the non-revenue water as a result of aged water network and water theft, and illegal practices of the agricultural and industrial sectors. This research proposed a solution that aim to mitigate water scarcity in Jordan by enhancing several management practices. Moreover, the proposed solution calls for efficient managerial practices to be adopted by decision makers and the public. I argue that the proposed solutions are sustainable and cheaper than the existing government solutions that rely on searching for new water resources rather than improving water management.

The Southern And Eastern Africa Rainwater Network (SEARNET) seeks to promote rainwater harvesting as a risk reduction strategy and means to improve livelihoods through its member national rainwater harvesting associations. SEARNET is an important channel of international donor funding from the Swedish and Dutch governments, and exists to facilitate the sharing of knowledge and experiences of rainwater harvesting through networking. To identify the environmental and organisational issues affecting SEARNET, a questionnaire was sent to SEARNET members that asked open-ended questions about the value of rainwater harvesting to their country and the value of SEARNET to their association. Respondents raised issues that were pertinent to both their association and to SEARNET. Issues were also identified in a survey of Annual Country Status Reports (country reports) presented by national rainwater harvesting associations at the annual SEARNET conferences. Issues included water scarcity and sustainable water supplies; registration as a barrier to funding; a mismatch between donor funding and institutional requirements; and the need for better networking at the SEARNET conference. Several recommendations are made to improve both the promotion of rainwater harvesting by SEARNET members and the networking of SEARNET itself.

The petroleum disruptions experienced in 1973 and 1979 demonstrated to the Department of Defense (DoD) that, for numerous reasons, the normal support for DoD requirements could rapidly deteriorate. Crude oil shortages caused DoD's historical supplier to prorate or completely cease deliveries under existing contracts, and it became difficult for the Defense Fuel Supply Center (DFSC) to secure replacement or follow-on contracts for fuels. In order to sustain necessary peacetime activities, the services were forced to dip into the war reserves. The effect was a decrease in the wartime sustainability of our forces until the war reserves were reconstituted. As a result of DoD "Supply Assurance" initiatives prompted by the 1979 disruption, numerous policy options have been developed to help the Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD) more effectively deal with future shortage situations. The key to avoiding the problems of 1973 and 1979 is early identification of shortage situations and selection of appropriate policy options designed to ensure a steady supply of military fuels during energy emergencies. The Petroleum Disruption Response System (PDRS) is a decision support system designed to assist DFSC energy analysts and planners in preparing recommendations for the Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense (OASD) energy policy staff on appropriate policy options to ensure adequate petroleum supplies for the national defense. This paper contains a conceptual model of PDRS that is based on a network optimization distribution model. The model would optimize the resupply distribution network in terms of minimum cost solution. / Master of Science

Background:Scarcity refers to a basic economic problem, the gap between limited resources and limitlesswants. This situation requires people to make decisions on how to allocate resourcesefficiently in order to satisfy basic needs and as many additional wants as possible. Scarcitycan affect the consumers ability to source and process information with regards to acquiring ascarce product. Scarcity can be divided into two cues, LQS and LTS and these ques can helpunderstand a consumer's purchase intention.Purpose:The purpose of this paper is to explain the effect increasing LQS &amp; LTS has on onlinepurchase intention onlineMethodology:This thesis employed a quantitative research method as well as a deductive approach with anexplanatory goal. The study was cross-sectional in nature. The data was collected via anonline questionnaire sent out to an online community consisting of around 20,000 members,which obtained 272 valid replies that passed the qualification question by purposive samplingThe data was tested using reliability testing, validity testing, and significance testing.Furthermore two simple linear regression analysis to test the two hypotheses formed in theconceptual framework.Findings:The findings of this paper states that LQS and LTS both show a significant positive impact onpurchase intention in an online context. LTS was shown to have a higher significant impacton purchase intention when comparing the two cues.Conclusion:The conclusion from this paper comes in three separate items. The general conclusion,theoretical implication and managerial implication. The general conclusion states that thefindings prove that LTS and LQS has a significant positive impact on purchase intention.Secondly, the theoretical implication states that LTS has a more significant impact onpurchase intention in an online context and that scarcity does not influence a positivebehavioural outcome such as purchase intention similarly offline versus online.The managerial implications state that LQS and LTS could be used to enhance purchaseintention synonymously with each other.