Diss. jur. Fak. Bern, 1946. / Ed. commerciale de: Diss. Recht Bern, 1946.

Dans le chapitre 1, nous développons le “corps d’Okounkov” pour une (1,1)-classe pseudo-effective sur une variété kählerienne compacte. Nous démontrons la formule de différentiabilité des volumes de classes grosses pour les varétés kähleriennes sur lesquelles les cônes nef modifiés et les cônes nef coı̈ncident. Par conséquent, nous démontrons l’inégalité de Morse transcendante de Demailly pour ces variétés kähleriennes particulières, y compris les surfaces kähleriennes. Ensuite, nous construisons le corps d’Okounkov généralisé pour toute (1,1)-classe grosse, et nous donnons une caractérisation complète des corps d’Okounkov généralisés sur les surfaces. Nous démontrons que cela se rapporte le volume euclidien standard du corps au volume de la classe grosse correspondant défini par Boucksom, ce qui permet de résoudre un problème proposé par Lazarsfeld et Mustaţă dans le cas des surfaces. Nous étudions aussi le comportement des corps d’Okounkov généralisé sur le bord du cône gros.Dans le chapitre 2, nous étudions la dégénérescence des courbes entières qui sont les feuilles de feuilletages sur des variétés projectives. Nous généralisons l’approximation diophantienne de McQuillan pour les feuilletages de dimension 1 avec des singularités absolument isolées. Comme une application, nous donnons une nouvelle preuve du théorème de Brunella, c’est-à-dire, toutes les feuilles d’un feuilletage générique de degré superieur à 2 dans CP^n est hyperbolique. Ensuite, nous introduisons la notion singularités faiblement réduites pour les feuilletages de dimension 1. L’hypothèse de singularités faiblement réduites est moins exigeante que celle de singularités réduites, mais joue le même rôle dans l’étude de la conjecture de Green-Griffiths-Lang. Finalement, nous discutons d’une stratégie pour démontrer cette conjecture pour les surfaces complexes.Dans le chapitre 3, nous démontrons la non-dégénérescence de la mesure de volume au sens de Kobayashi-Eisenman pour une variété dirigée singulière, c’est-à-dire l’hyperbolicité de la mesure au sens de Kobayashi, lorsque le faisceau canonique est gros au sens de Demailly.Dans le chapitre 4, notre premier objectif est de traiter des questions d’effitivité liées aux conjectures de Kobayashi et Debarre, reliant sur le travail de Brotbek et celui en collaboration avec Darondeau. Ensuite, nous combinons ces techniques pour étudier la conjecture sur l’amplitude des fibrés de Demailly-Semple proposés par Diverio et Trapani, et nous obtenons des estimations effectives liées à ce problème. Notre résultat contient à la fois les conjectures de Kobayashi et Debarre, avec certaines estimations effectives.Le but du chapitre 5 est double: d’une part, nous étudions une conjecture du type Fujita proposée par Popa et Schnell, et nous donnons une borne effective linéaire sur la génération globale générique de l’image directe du faisceau pluricanonique tordu. Nous signalons également la relation entre la constante de Seshadri et la borne optimale. D’autre part, nous donnons une réponse affirmative à une question de Demailly-Peternell-Schneider dans un cadre plus général. Comme des applications, nous généralisons les théorèmes de Fujino et Gongyo sur les images des variétés de Fano faibles aux cas KLT, et nous raffinons un résultat de Broustet et Pacienza sur la connexité rationnelle de l’image.Dans le chapitre 6, nous donnons une preuve concrète et constructive de l’équivalence entre la catégorie de fibrés de Higgs semistables de classes de Chern nulles, et celle des représentations linéaires du groupe fondamental d’une variété kählerienne compacte lisse. / In Part 1 of this thesis, we construct “Okounkov bodies” for an arbitrary pseudo-effective (1,1-class on a Kähler manifold. We prove the differentiability formula of volumes of big classes for Kähler manifolds on which modified nef cones and nef cones coincide. As a consequence we prove Demailly’s transcendental Morse inequality for these particular Kähler manifolds; this includes Kähler surfaces. Then we construct the generalized Okounkov body for any big (1,1)-class, and give a complete characterization of generalized Okounkov bodies on surfaces. We show that this relates the standard Euclidean volume of the body to the volume of the corresponding big class as defined by Boucksom; this solves a problem raised by Lazarsfeld and Mustaţă in the case of surfaces. We also study the behavior of the generalized Okounkov bodies on theboundary of the big cone.Part 2 deals with Kobayashi hyperbolicity-related problems. Chapter 2’s goal is to study the degeneracy of leaves of the one-dimensional foliations on higher dimensional manifolds. The first part of Chapter 2 generalizes McQuillan’s Diophantine approximations for one-dimensional foliations with absolutely isolated singularities, on higher dimensional manifolds. As an application, we give a new proof of Brunella’s hyperbolicity theorem, that is, all the leaves of a generic foliation of degree larger than 2 in CP 6n is hyperbolic. In the second part of Chapter 2 we introduce the so-called weakly reduced singularities for one-dimensional foliations on higher dimensional manifolds. The “weakly reduced singularities” assumption is less demanding than the one required for “reduced singularities”, but play the same role in studying the Green-Griffiths-Lang conjecture. Finally we discuss a strategy to prove the Green-Griffiths-Lang conjecture for complex surfaces.In Chapter 3, assuming that the canonical sheaf is big in the sense of Demailly, we prove theKobayashi volume-hyperbolicity for any (possibly singular) directed variety.In Chapter 4, our first goal is to deal with effective questions related to the Kobayashi and Debarre conjectures, relying on the work of Brotbek and his joint work with Darondeau. We then combine these techniques to study the conjecture on the ampleness of the Demailly-Semple bundles raised by Diverio and Trapani, and also obtain some effective estimates related to this problem. Our result integrates both the Kobayashi and Debarre conjectures, with some effective estimates.The purpose of Chapter 5 is twofold: on the one hand we study a Fujita-type conjecture by Popa and Schnell, and give an effective (linear) bound on the generic global generation of the direct image of the twisted pluricanonical bundle. We also point out the relation between the Seshadri constant and the optimal bound. On the other hand, we give an affirmative answer to a question by Demailly-Peternell-Schneider in a more general setting. As applications, we generalize the theorems by Fujino and Gongyo on images of weak Fano manifolds to the Kawamata log terminal cases, and refine a result by Broustet and Pacienza on the rational connectedness of the image.In Chapter 6, we give a concrete and constructive proof of the equivalence between the category of semistable Higgs bundles with vanishing Chern classes and the category of all representations of the fundamental groups on smooth Kähler manifolds. This chapter is written for the complex geometers who are not familiar with the language of differential graded category used by Simpson to prove the above equivalence on smooth projective manifolds, and for those who would like to see an elementary proof of Corlette-Simpson correspondence for semistable Higgs bundles.

Relaxation oscillations are highly non-linear oscillations, which appear to feature many important biological phenomena such as heartbeat, neuronal activity, and population cycles of predator-prey type. They are characterized by repeated switching of slow and fast motions and occur naturally in singularly perturbed ordinary differential equations, which exhibit dynamics on different time scales. Traditionally, slow-fast systems and the related oscillatory phenomena -- such as relaxation oscillations -- have been studied by the method of the matched asymptotic expansions, techniques from non-standard analysis, and recently a more qualitative approach known as geometric singular perturbation theory. It turns out that relaxation oscillations can be found in a more general setting; in particular, in slow-fast systems, which are not written in the standard form. Systems in which separation into slow and fast variables is not given a priori, arise frequently in applications. Many of these systems include additionally various parameters of different orders of magnitude and complicated (non-polynomial) non-linearities. This poses several mathematical challenges, since the application of singular perturbation arguments is not at all straightforward. For that reason most of such systems have been studied only numerically guided by phase-space analysis arguments or analyzed in a rather non-rigorous way. It turns out that the main idea of singular perturbation approach can also be applied in such non-standard cases. This thesis is concerned with the application of concepts from geometric singular perturbation theory and geometric desingularization based on the blow-up method to the study of relaxation oscillations in slow-fast systems beyond the standard form. A detailed geometric analysis of oscillatory mechanisms in three mathematical models describing biochemical processes is presented. In all the three cases the aim is to detect the presence of an isolated periodic movement represented by a limit cycle. By using geometric arguments from the perspective of dynamical systems theory and geometric desingularization based on the blow-up method analytic proofs of the existence of limit cycles in the models are provided. This work shows -- in the context of non-trivial applications -- that the geometric approach, in particular the blow-up method, is valuable for the understanding of the dynamics of systems with no explicit splitting into slow and fast variables, and for systems depending singularly on several parameters.

Bei der Zementherstellung wird ein wesentlicher Teil der thermischen Energie für das Brennen des Zementklinkers im Drehrohrofen aufgewendet. Heutzutage werden als Ersatz für fossile Brennstoffen vorwiegend Alternativbrennstoffe im Klinkerbrennprozess eingesetzt. Ein Großteil davon sind abfallbasierte, mechanisch aufbereitete flugfähige Fraktionen (Ersatzbrennstoff, EBS). Aus wirtschaftlichen Gesichtspunkten und um CO₂-Emissionen zu reduzieren, streben die Zementhersteller eine Erhöhung des EBS-Anteils an. Idealerweise sollte der EBS durch entsprechende Aufbereitung so vorkonditioniert sein, dass er ausreichend homogen hinsichtlich wesentlicher verbrennungstechnischer Parameter ist. Dies erleichtert es dem Betreiber, einen gleichmäßigen Ofenbetrieb sicherzustellen und eine Beeinträchtigung der Klinkereigenschaften zu vermeiden. Voraussetzung hierfür ist, dass die Qualitätsanforderungen an den EBS möglichst genau beschrieben, überprüft und mit dem EBS-Lieferanten abgestimmt werden können. Ziel des Projektes war es, der deutschen Zementindustrie einen neuartigen Prüfapparat zur quasi-kontinuierlichen Eingangskontrolle der EBS-Lieferungen als Gebrauchsmuster zur Verfügung zu stellen. Hierzu wurde erstmals ein System entwickelt, konstruiert und getestet, dass auf einer schnellen, technisch robusten und effizienten Charakterisierung von Flugfähigkeit, Feuchte und stofflicher Zusammensetzung basiert. Die Erprobung in Zementwerken hat ergeben, dass das System geeignet ist, um damit die EBS-Qualität fortlaufend zu überprüfen. Bei Betriebsversuchen konnten Änderungen der EBS-Feuchte und -Flugfähigkeit detektiert und quantifiziert sowie die stoffliche Zusammensetzung bestimmt werden. Bei Absinken der EBS-Qualität wurde eine Beeinträchtigung der Klinkereigenschaften (Braunverfärbung) festgestellt. Der Betrieb des Schnellprüf-Verfahrens kann dazu beitragen, diesem Effekt durch Anpassung der EBS-Qualität entgegenzuwirken und so die EBS-Einsatzrate zu erhöhen.

Relaxation oscillations are highly non-linear oscillations, which appear to feature many important biological phenomena such as heartbeat, neuronal activity, and population cycles of predator-prey type. They are characterized by repeated switching of slow and fast motions and occur naturally in singularly perturbed ordinary differential equations, which exhibit dynamics on different time scales. Traditionally, slow-fast systems and the related oscillatory phenomena -- such as relaxation oscillations -- have been studied by the method of the matched asymptotic expansions, techniques from non-standard analysis, and recently a more qualitative approach known as geometric singular perturbation theory. It turns out that relaxation oscillations can be found in a more general setting; in particular, in slow-fast systems, which are not written in the standard form. Systems in which separation into slow and fast variables is not given a priori, arise frequently in applications. Many of these systems include additionally various parameters of different orders of magnitude and complicated (non-polynomial) non-linearities. This poses several mathematical challenges, since the application of singular perturbation arguments is not at all straightforward. For that reason most of such systems have been studied only numerically guided by phase-space analysis arguments or analyzed in a rather non-rigorous way. It turns out that the main idea of singular perturbation approach can also be applied in such non-standard cases. This thesis is concerned with the application of concepts from geometric singular perturbation theory and geometric desingularization based on the blow-up method to the study of relaxation oscillations in slow-fast systems beyond the standard form. A detailed geometric analysis of oscillatory mechanisms in three mathematical models describing biochemical processes is presented. In all the three cases the aim is to detect the presence of an isolated periodic movement represented by a limit cycle. By using geometric arguments from the perspective of dynamical systems theory and geometric desingularization based on the blow-up method analytic proofs of the existence of limit cycles in the models are provided. This work shows -- in the context of non-trivial applications -- that the geometric approach, in particular the blow-up method, is valuable for the understanding of the dynamics of systems with no explicit splitting into slow and fast variables, and for systems depending singularly on several parameters.

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