We introduce the Seasonal Beliefs Questionnaire (SBQ), a self-report inventory of maladaptive thoughts about the seasons, light availability, and weather conditions, proposed to constitute a unique cognitive vulnerability to winter seasonal affective disorder (SAD; Rohan, Roecklein, & Haaga, 2009). Potential items were derived from a qualitative analysis of self-reported thoughts during SAD-tailored cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT-SAD) and subsequently refined based on qualitative feedback from 48 SAD patients. In the psychometric study (N = 536 college students), exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses pruned the items to a 26-item scale with a 5-factor solution, demonstrating good internal consistency, convergent and divergent validity, and 2-week test-retest reliability. In a known groups comparison, the SBQ discriminated SAD patients (n = 86) from both nonseasonal major depressive disorder (MDD) patients (n = 30) and healthy controls (n = 110), whereas a generic measure of depressogenic cognitive vulnerability (the Dysfunctional Attitudes Scale [DAS]) discriminated MDD patients from the other groups. In a randomized clinical trial comparing CBT-SAD with light therapy (N = 177), SBQ scores improved at twice the rate in CBT-SAD than in light therapy. Greater change in SBQ scores during CBT-SAD, but not during light therapy, was associated with a lower risk of depression recurrence 2 winters later. In contrast, DAS scores improved comparably during CBT-SAD and light therapy, and DAS change was unrelated to recurrence following either treatment. These results support using the SBQ as a brief assessment tool for a SAD-specific cognitive vulnerability and as a treatment target in CBT-SAD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

Pour élucider les effets récompensants de la lumière, deux approches expérimentales ont été adoptées. Une étude chez le rongeur diurne Arvicanthis ansorgei indique que le raccourcissement de la longueur du jour avec la diminution de l'intensité lumineuse induit des changements du rythme de l’activité locomotrice, de la quantité de dopamine dans le système de la récompense et sur l'expression du gène Per2 dans le noyau suprachiasmatique. Ces altérations ont été améliorées par l'exposition journalière à des créneaux d’une heure de lumière à la fin du jour. Dans une étude humaine, le bien-être subjectif mesuré par d'échantillonnage de ressentis, a été corrélée avec des mesures de fluctuations lumineuses environnementales chez des participants en bonne santé et des insomniaques. Les résultats ont montré que le bien-être subjectif augmente proportionnellement à l'intensité de la lumière chez de jeunes en bonne santé contrairement à un déficit global en matière d'évaluation hédonique chez les insomniaques. De plus amples études devraient être menées afin d'élucider l'effet des signaux lumineux environnementaux sur les circuits de récompense. / To elucidate the reward effects of light, two experimental approaches have been adopted. An experiment for the study of the effects of exposure to a winter-like photoperiod on the diurnal rodent Arvicanthis ansorgei indicated that shortened day length with reduced light intensity induces a phase change in locomotor activity, alterations in the dopamine content in reward system structures, and alterations in the Per2 clock gene expression in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. These measures were improved by daily exposure to a one-hour pulse of light at late in the day. In a human model, subjective wellbeing, measured by experience sampling, was correlated with ambient luminosity measurements in participants with insomnia and healthy controls. Results indicated that subjective wellbeing increases with increasing light intensity in healthy young volunteers, in contrast to an overall deficit in reward evaluation in insomniacs. Light exposure should be taken into account as an important factor in determining the quality of life of insomniacs and in depression. Further studies should be conducted to elucidate the effect of ambient light signals on reward circuits.