Münster (Westfalen), Universiẗat, Diss., 2002. / Dateien im PDF-Format.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 1987. / Vita. Bibliography: leaves [101]-104.

Thesis (MScIng)--University of Stellenbosch, 2006. / Bibliography. Also available via the Internet.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--College of William and Mary. / Supplemental material for Appendices A-C on CD-ROM.. Includes bibliographical references.

University, Diss., 2001--Kiel.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 1986. / Vita. Bibliography: leaves [157]-174.

Thesis (M. Sc.)--College of William and Mary. / Typescript (photocopy). Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 77-81).

The current study assessed the bioavailability of slower desorbing sediment-associated permethrin by manipulating the desorption properties of two sediments with an absorbent, Amberlite XAD-4. The two sediments differed in OC content and the size of the rapidly desorbing pool and rate constants were smaller in the higher OC sediment. Manipulation decreased desorption rate constants in the treated sediments compared to the untreated sediments. Greater activity of permethrin in the pore water was observed in the lower OC sediment compared to the higher OC sediment, and in the untreated sediment compared to the treated sediment. The higher occurrence of permethrin in the pore water was attributable to the larger pool of rapidly desorbing compound. Based on BAF calculations, bioaccumulation of permethrin by all three species was lower in the higher OC sediment compared to the lower OC sediment, and bioaccumulation was also lower in the treated sediments compared to the untreated sediments for Lumbriculus variegatus and Hexagenia sp., suggesting that bioavailability was reduced for those organisms. Desorption rate constants suggest that a reduction in desorption was the cause. However, bioaccumulation was not reduced for Hyalella azteca whose body residues were not significantly different between the two treatments and so BAF values did not reflect a reduction in bioavailability. The results for H. azteca do not match with typical observations, where bioaccumulation decreases with decreased desorption; suggesting that an important exposure pathway for those organisms was not influenced heavily by the sediment desorption properties. Therefore, the role of ingestion was investigated as a route of uptake. Synthetic digestive fluid extractions increased desorption compared to water; indicating that ingestion increased desorption, and thus bioavailability of sediment-associated permethrin. Estimated pore water and feeding contributions suggested that more than one route of exposure contributed to the uptake of permethrin, and that neither exposure route was responsible for uptake alone. The contribution from feeding was estimated to be greater than the contribution from pore water for WBS sediment for all three species, and for the treated sediments compared to the untreated sediments; indicating that as desorption decreases, the role of ingestion in uptake increases. Therefore, pore water may be more important to the contribution of uptake for faster desorbing compound, and ingestion may be more important to the contribution of uptake for slower desorbing compound.

Literature survey made in this research indicated that the roughness has a significant effect on the design of a self-cleansing sewer. A conceptual model was therefore developed taking into account the effect of roughness in the sediment transport in sewers. This model was later tested against experimental data obtained from a test rig. The rig had a pipe which was specially fabricated in two halves so that it could be divided to coat the interior with uniform sand grains to provide roughness. The experimental data shows a good correlation with the model developed. Two relationships i.e. for smooth and rough pipes, were derived from the results. The effects of volumetric sediment concentration, pipe diameter, sediment size and effective roughness on these relationships were in turn examined. Head loss formulae acquired by past researchers were slightly modified to suit the range covered by the experimental data. The relationships developed in this research were subsequently applied to sewer design. These were later compared to the criterion of 0.76 m/s proposed by the British Standards. In the case of smooth pipes, it shows conclusively that the criterion of 0.76 m/s produces excessive slopes for pipe diameter up to 1.0 metre. However, for rough pipes the criterion gives insufficient slopes to maintain a self-cleansing sewer. This is valid up to a pipe diameter of 0.3 metre. Beyond this diameter the criterion gives high slopes. Comparisons were also made with studies in the wider field of sediment transport on fixed bed. These have set in context the proposed formulae for smooth and rough pipes in the design of storm sewers.

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