Erosion, transportation, and deposition of sediment into receiving waters can have substantial environmental and economic impacts. Sedimentation basins are a remediation technique used to limit sediment transport from earth disturbance activities. Retention efficiency is used as a measure of a sedimentation basin's effectiveness. Several factors influence retention efficiency including the type of principal spillway used. The most common spillway is the perforated riser which dewaters the basin throughout its entire vertical profile. However, a relatively new outlet device, the skimmer, has been developed, which dewaters the basin from the water surface. A laboratory study was conducted to compare the skimmer with the perforated riser for three different soil types and determine if there were any significant differences in the trapping efficiencies of the two outlets. The test basin dewatered over a three hour period. The parameters observed were dewatering rate, effluent sediment concentration, sediment loss rate, and retention efficiency. The skimmer treatments consistently had higher values of sediment retention efficiencies. A statistical analysis performed on the retention efficiency data showed that retention efficiency was not influenced by any combination of outlet and soil type and that outlet was significant at the 5% level. Overall, the skimmer outperformed the perforated riser for all soil types tested. Additionally, retention efficiencies were predicted for shorter dewatering times. The results indicated shorter dewatering times may have smaller impacts on the retention efficiency of basins where the skimmer is utilized rather than the perforated riser. / Master of Science

Horizontal subsurface flow (HSSF) constructed wetlands were evaluated for the treatment of flow-through trout farm effluent, phosphorus sorption affinity of gravel-bed media, and influence on Rhodamine WT (RWT) transport. HSSF wetlands coupled with mechanical pretreatment demonstrated significant (p <0.05) removal of total ammonia-nitrogen (TAN), total phosphorus (TP), total organic carbon (TOC), total suspended solids (TSS), five-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), and turbidity. Treatment occurred predominantly within the wetland cells, with minimal removal of studied water quality parameters by means of sedimentation or microscreen filtration (80 ?m mesh). HSSF wetlands removed 69% of influent TSS, 24% of influent TP, and reduced turbidity by 66%. The removal of organic matter within the wetlands, as measured by BOD5, COD, and TOC was 62%, 50%, and 55%, respectively. After receiving effluent from a flow-through trout farm for about one year, the gravel media exhibited moderate removals of soluble phosphorus in batch and column sorption experiments. Partition coefficients (Kd) from batch sorption tests ranged from 45-90 mL/g. Low (60 mL/min) and high (165 mL/min) flow column experiments removed about 50 and 40% of influent PO4-P, respectively. The conservative nature of RWT in subsurface media has been called into question by many authors. Tracer response curves from tests conducted in pilot-scale HSSF wetlands exhibited elongated tails and dual peaks, in addition to mean tracer retention times far exceeding the theoretical value. Laboratory column testing of RWT and the more conservative NaCl tracer supported field data, indicating that RWT was more reactive within the wetland media. / Master of Science

Orientador: Giorgio Basilici / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica e Instituto de Geociencias / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-14T04:13:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MorettiJunior_PauloAugusto_M.pdf: 5701785 bytes, checksum: d478ca8c79173f62ad9807c930cc0332 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Esta dissertação consiste no estudo sedimentológico e paleodeposicional de quatro unidades litoestratigráficas da Pré-Cordilheira Argentina, depositadas durante o Ordoviciano: Formação Portezuelo del Tontal (FPT), Formação Sierra de La Invernada (FSI), Formação Gualcamayo (FG) e Formação Los Azules (FLA). A FG e a FLA são caracterizadas por lamitos e margas depositados por decantação. A FPT é constituída por uma alternância entre arenitos finos a muito finos e lamitos. Os arenitos são frequentemente bipartidos: a porção basal, de granulometria areia média a fina, é espessa e maciça, apresentando intraclastos lamosos, tapetes de tração. A porção superior possui granulometria mais fina e é menos espessa, com laminação cruzada truncante anisotrópica (anysotropic hummocky cross stratification). Os arenitos são interpretados como gerados por fluxos gravitacionais influenciados por tempestades. A presença de laminação cruzada truncante na parte superior das camadas demonstram que a sedimentação ocorreu acima do nível de ondas de tempestades e que um fluxo gravitacional se desenvolveu concomitantemente às tempestades. A FSI é caracterizada por arenitos muito finos com laminação truncante anisotrópica intercalada com lamitos arenosos produzidos por correntes de turbidez muito diluídas e por decantação. A FSI apresenta abundantes icnofósseis, o que indica uma atividade biológica bentônica ativa. O sistema deposicional da FPT e da FSI é uma plataforma dominada por atividade de tempestades. A parte superior da FSI e a FPT são litologicamente semelhantes e ambas apresentam direções de paleocorrentes de norte para sul, o que evidencia que eram parte de uma mesma bacia. Os arenitos mais grossos e espessos, representados pelos depósitos da FPT, teriam passado por ambientes mais rasos (FSI) e se depositado em áreas mais profundas (FPT). Os depósitos arenosos muito finos gerados por tempestades são característicos de áreas mais rasas e proximais (FSI). A margem ocidental do Gondwana, durante o Meso e Neo-Ordoviciano, foi uma plataforma siliciclástica dominada por tempestades, com aprofundamento para sul localizada em uma bacia do tipo antepaís. / Abstract: This work consists in the study of sedimentological and paleodepositional features of four Ordovician lithostratigraphic units of the Precordillera Argentina: Portezuelo del Tontal Formation (PTF), Sierra de La Invernada Formation (SIF), Gualcamayo Formation (GF) and Los Azules Formation (LAF). The PTF is represented by alternating fine- to very fine grained sandstone and shale. Most sandstone strata are bipartite: a thicker lower part, medium to mediumfine grained size, massive, showing buoyant muddy clasts or traction carpet, and a thinner upper part, very fine in grain size, with anisotropic hummocky cross-stratifications. The sandstone is interpreted as gravitational flow generated by and combined with storms. The presence of anisotropic hummocky cross-stratification in the upper part of the strata testifies that the sedimentation occurred above the storm wave base and that the gravitational flow developed contemporaneously to the storm activity. The SIF is characterized by very fine-grained sandstone showing anisotropic hummocky cross stratifications, alternated with sandy pelite showing thin sandstone beds produced by low-density turbidity currents. The SIF is rich in ichnofossils, testifying a high biological benthic activity. The LAF and GF are characterized by shale and marl facies deposited mainly by settling. The depositional system of the PTF and SIF is dominated by storm activity. The transition of the upper part of the SIF to lithologies similar to PTF and analogous paleocurrent directions, from north to south, suggests that both formations take part of the same depositional basin. The thicker and coarser sandstones, represented by the PTF deposits, bypassed shallower areas (SIF) and deposited in deeper areas (FPT). Very fine storm generated sandy deposits in SIF were characterized by shallower and proximal areas. The western margin of the Gondwana in the middle-late Ordovician was characterized by storm-dominated siliciclastic shelf deposits in a foreland basin. The margin showed a progressive deepening toward south. / Mestrado / Reservatórios e Gestão / Mestre em Ciências e Engenharia de Petróleo