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Seed Transmission of <i>Clavibacter michiganensis</i> subsp. <i>michiganensis</i> and Development of Strategies to Control the Pathogen in SeedXu, Xiulan 17 December 2010 (has links)
No description available.
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Development and Evaluation of Integrated Approaches for Managing of Mexican Bean Beetle, Epilachna varivestis MulsantNottingham, Louis B. 31 January 2017 (has links)
The Mexican bean beetle, Epilachna varivestis Mulsant, is a major pest of snap beans, Phaseolus vulgaris L. in the Central Appalachian region of the United States. To develop pertinent research objectives, background information on this pest was gathered from literature sources and personal communications with growers, extension agents and other agricultural professionals. In objective one, Mexican bean beetle preference, developmental success and plant injury were compared among three snap bean and three lima bean cultivars in field and greenhouse trials. The cultivar 'Dragon's Tongue' was the most preferred, suitable for development, and prone to injury. Growers may benefit from growing less susceptible cultivars, or by using 'Dragon's Tongue' in trap cropping or push-pull strategies. In objective two, Mexican bean beetle densities, feeding injury, and yield were compared among snap beans grown on metallized plastic (highly reflective), white plastic, black plastic, and bare soil. Metallized plastic provided the greatest level of control, and resulted in the highest yields. Managing Mexican bean beetle by growing beans on metallized plastic may be used as a stand-alone method, or in a push-pull strategy. In the final objective, the effects of snap beans grown from thiamethoxam (a neonicotinoid insecticide)-treated seeds on Mexican bean beetle were assessed in greenhouse and field experiments. Thiamethoxam-treated plants killed 40 to 50% of Mexican bean beetle adults and larvae up to 16 days after planting. In the field, thiamethoxam-treated plants mitigated Mexican bean beetle densities and damage in one out of five experiments, resulting in a yield increase. In none of the five field experiments were differences detected in predatory arthropod species between thiamethoxam and non-insecticide treated beans. In summary, the results of this project suggest that non-chemical management methods, such as cultivar selection and planting beans on reflective mulch, can provide effective control of Mexican bean beetle. Thiamethoxam-treated seed may also provide control of this pest, but only within two to three weeks after planting; otherwise, there is typically no effect on beetles, injury or yield. This doctoral research has laid a foundation for an integrated pest management approach for Mexican bean beetle. / Ph. D.
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Desempenho de sementes de milho tratadas com tiametoxam em função da dose e armazenamento / Performance of maize seeds treated with the product thiamethoxam based in rates and storageNunes, João Carlos da Silva 05 August 2008 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2008-08-05 / The objective of this work was to verify the immediate and latent
effects of the insecticide Thiamethoxam 350 FS, on physiological quality of
maize hybrid seeds. Fifteen high quality hybrids of Monsanto company were
utilized, studied through three variables: three rates of the insecticide
Thiamethoxam as follow : 0, 0.7 and 1.05 mg of active ingredient/60,000 maize
seeds; five storage periods (0, 3, 6, 9 e 12 months) e two storage types (15oC
and without temperature control). The three parameters of evaluation were:
germination, cold test and field emergence, all of them conducted in the
Aprosmat Seed Testing Laboratory. The data were discussed based on
statistical analysis about the isolated effect of the product Thiamethoxam and
the ambient/storage interaction in which were obtained the following
conclusions: 1 The maize seed can be treated with Thiamethoxam and
remain stored for a period of one year under climatized environment; 2 An
overrate of 50% above the recommendation does not affect the field
emergence of the maize seeds; 3 Maize seed on a conventional environment
without temperature and moisture control maintain their quality until six months
of storage.; 4 High physiological quality of maize seeds can be stored for
about 1 year on an environment with temperature below 20oC. / O objetivo do presente trabalho foi verificar o possível efeito
imediato e latente do inseticida Tiametoxam 350 FS sobre a qualidade
fisiológica de sementes de milho híbrido. Utilizaram-se 15 híbridos da empresa
Monsanto, sendo que as variáveis foram: três doses do inseticida 0, 0,7 e
1,05mg./60.000 sementes; cinco períodos de armazenamento (0, 3, 6, 9 e 12
meses) e dois tipos de armazenamento (15oC e umidade relativa de 60% e
sem controle de temperatura). Os parâmetros de avaliação foram: germinação,
teste de frio e emergência em campo, conduzidos do laboratório de sementes
da Aprosmat. Os dados foram discutidos conforme análise estatística sobre o
efeito isolado do produto Tiametoxam e a interação ambiente/armazenamento
no qual se obtiveram as seguintes conclusões: 1 As sementes de milho
podem ser tratadas com Tiametoxam e armazenadas até um ano em ambiente
climatizado.; 2 A emergência em campo não é afetada pelo tratamento de
sementes de milho com o inseticida Tiametoxam mesmo em dosagem 50%
acima da recomendada; 3 Sementes de milho tratadas com Tiametoxam,
mantêm sua qualidade fisiológica por até seis meses de armazenamento em
ambiente convencional;
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Studies on Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Sclerotinia stem rot) on soybeans.Visser, Dael Desiree. January 2007 (has links)
Soybeans, Glycine max, are an economically and strategically important crop in South
Africa (SA). In order to meet local demands, large imports of soybeans are required,
e.g., in the 2005/2006 soybean production period, 842 107 tonnes of oilcake were
imported. Due to an increase in soybean production throughout the world, diseases that
affect this crop have also increased in incidence and severity.
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, the causal organism of sclerotinia stem rot (SSR), is an
important yield limiting disease of soybeans, as well as numerous other crops. The
pathogen was first reported in SA in 1979. However, it was only in 2002 that this fungus
was considered a major pathogen of soybeans in SA.
The research reported in this thesis was conducted to investigate the epidemiology of
S. sclerotiorum and examine numerous potential control methods for this pathogen, i.e.,
resistant cultivars, biocontrol, chemical control and seed treatments. A S. sclerotiorum
isolate was obtained from sunflowers in Delmas, Mpumulanga, SA, in the form of
sclerotia. This isolate was cultured and sent for identification and deposition in the Plant
Protection Research Institute collection. This isolate, in the form of mycelia, was used
for the duration of the study.
For epidemiology studies, the effect of temperature, leaf wetness duration (LWD) and
relative humidity (RH) were examined for their effect on rate of pathogen development.
Twenty four combinations of temperature (19°C, 22°C, 25°C and 28°C), LWD (24, 48
and 72 hr) and RH (85 and 95%) were investigated. No interaction between
temperature, LWD and RH was found. Temperature alone was the only factor that
affected disease development. At 22°C, the rate of pathogen development (0.45 per
unit per day) was significantly higher than all other temperatures, indicating that this
temperature is optimum for disease development.
Thirteen different soybean cultivars, i.e., LS6626RR, LS6710RR, LS666RR, LS555RR,
LS6514RR, LS678RR, Prima 2000, Pan 626, AG5601RR, AG5409RR, 95B33, 95B53
and 96B01B, commercially grown in SA were investigated for their reaction to
S. sclerotiorum. Prima 2000, 96B01B, 95B33 and AG5409RR were considered to be
the least susceptible as they showed a significantly low rate of pathogen development
(0.28, 0.28, 0.24, 0.23 per unit per day, respectively) and produced a significantly low
number of sclerotia (3.03, 3.42, 3.21, 2.38, respectively). LS6626R and LS666RR may
be considered most susceptible because of their significantly high rate of pathogen
development (0.45 and 0.42 per unit per day, respectively) and high sclerotia production
(8.16 and 7.50, respectively). Regression analysis showed a positive correlation
coefficient (R2=0.71) between rate of growth of the pathogen and number of sclerotia
produced, indicating that a higher rate is associated with a higher number of sclerotia.
In vitro dual culture bioassays were performed to identify the biocontrol mechanisms of
the biocontrol agents, EcoT® (a seed treatment) and Eco77® (a foliar treatment), against
hyphae and sclerotia of S. sclerotiorum. Ultrastructural studies revealed that
mycoparasitism is the probable mode of action as initial signs of hyphae of EcoT® and
Eco77® coiling around hyphae of S. sclerotiorum were observed. Surface colonization
of sclerotia by hyphae of EcoT® and Eco77® was also observed.
In vitro antagonism of EcoT® against S. sclerotiorum on soybean seed was performed to
determine pre-emergence and post-emergence disease. There was no significant
difference in percentage germination between seeds treated with EcoT® and plated with
the pathogen, untreated seeds and no S. sclerotiorum, and the control (i.e. no EcoT®
and no pathogen). However, percentage non infected seedlings from seeds not treated
with EcoT® was significantly lower, suggesting that EcoT® may be successfully used as
a seed treatment for the control of SSR. In vivo trials were performed to investigate the
effect of silicon (Si) alone, and in combination with Eco77®, on the effect of the rate of
disease development. Plants treated with Eco77® had a significantly lower rate of
disease development (0.19 per unit per day for plants treated with Eco77® and S.
sclerotiorum and 0.20 per unit per day for plants treated with Eco77®, S. sclerotiorum
and Si), compared to plants not treated with Eco77® (0.29 per unit per day for plants
treated with S. sclerotiorum and 0.30 per unit per day for plants treated with S.
sclerotiorum and Si), regardless of the application of Si. Similarly, plants treated with
Eco77® had a significantly lower number of sclerotia (0.46 for plants treated with Eco77®
and S. sclerotiorum and 0.91 for plants treated with Eco77®, S. sclerotiorum and Si),
compared to plants not treated with Eco77® (3.31 for plants treated with S. sclerotiorum
and 3.64 for plants treated with S. sclerotiorum and Si). The significantly lower rate of
disease development coupled with a significant reduction in sclerotia showed that
Eco77®, and not Si, was responsible for reducing the severity of SSR. A strong positive
correlation between rate of disease development and the number of sclerotia produced
(R2=0.79) was observed.
For the investigation of various fungicides for the control of S. sclerotiorum, in vitro trials
to determine the potential of three different fungicides at different rates, i.e., BAS 516
04F (133 g a.i. ha-1), BAS 516 04F (266 g a.i. ha-1), BAS 512 06F (380 g a.i. ha-1) and
Sumisclex (760 g a.i. ha-1) were initially conducted. The control (non-amended PDA)
had a significantly higher area under mycelial growth curve (243.0) than all fungicides
tested. BAS 516 04F (at both concentrations) and BAS 512 06F completely inhibited
the mycelial growth of S. sclerotiorum. Sumisclex inhibited the fungus by 89.07%. For
in vivo trials, preventative treatments, i.e., BAS 516 04F (133 g a.i. ha-1), BAS 516 04F
(266 g a.i. ha-1), BAS 512 06F (380 g a.i. ha-1), curative treatment, i.e. Sumisclex (760 g
a.i. ha-1) and a combination preventative/curative treatment, i.e., BAS 512 06F (380 g
a.i. ha-1)/Sumisclex (570 g a.i. ha-1) were investigated. No significant difference in
disease severity index (DSI) was found between fungicide treatments and the inoculated
control. BAS 512 06F and BAS 512 06F/Sumisclex had significantly lower grain yields
(6.09 g and 5.96 g, respectively) compared to all other treatments. There was a positive
correlation coefficient (R2=0.76), between DSI and grain yield, indicating that a high DSI
is correlated with low grain yield.
Trials to evaluate the effect of commercially available and currently unregistered seed
treatments for the control of S. sclerotiorum on soybean seeds in vivo and in vitro were
performed. Seed germination tests were performed to determine if seed treatments had
any negative effects on seed germination in vitro. All seed treatments tested, i.e., BAS
516 03F (8, 16 and 32 ml a.i. 100 kg-1 seed), BAS 512 00F (7.5, 15 and 32 ml a.i. 100
kg-1 seed), Celest XL (100, 125, 200 and 250 ml a.i. 100 kg-1 seed), Sumisclex (5 and 10
ml a.i. 100 kg-1 seed), Benomyl (150 g a.i. 100 kg-1 seed), Captan (240 ml a.i. 100 kg-1
seed), Thiulin (180 g a.i. 100 kg-1 seed) and Anchor Red (300 ml a.i. 100 kg-1 seed),
showed no negative effect on seed germination. For in vivo trials, BAS 516 03F (16 and
32 ml a.i. 100 kg-1 seed), BAS 512 00F (7.5, 15 and 32 ml a.i. 100 kg-1 seed), Celest XL
(100, 125, 200 and 250 ml a.i. 100 kg-1 seed), Sumisclex (5 and 10 ml a.i. 100 kg-1
seed), Benomyl and Anchor Red had significantly similar percent germination and
percent seedling survival as the untreated/uninoculated control. These seed treatments
should be recommended for the control of S. sclerotiorum, as they protected seed
during germination and subsequent seedling development. BAS 516 03F (8 ml a.i. 100
kg-1 seed) should not be recommended for the control of SSR, as it gave the lowest
percent germination and percent seedling survival.
The results presented in this thesis have helped to identify optimal environmental
conditions for the development of S. sclerotiorum, which is important for the
development of forecasting models for disease control. The least and most susceptible
cultivars of those tested have been identified. Biocontrol using Eco77® as a foliar
application showed great potential.
The effect of Si needs to be further investigated, including the testing of more frequent
applications and higher concentrations. The fungicides tested in this research did not
show any potential for the control of SSR. However, the spray programme tested is for
the control of soybean rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi), and was investigated for its
potential for the control of SSR. The spray programme, fungicide application and rating
scale needs to be modified, to determine the true potential of these fungicides for the
control of SSR. Numerous seed treatments have shown potential for the control of seed
infection by SSR. Due to difficulties in producing ascospores, which are the primary
source of inoculum for this pathogen in the field, all studies in this research were
conducted with mycelia and not ascospores. The production, collection and storage of
ascospores needs to be thoroughly investigated, and research conducted with
ascospores. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2007.
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