Plasma-based accelerators aim to efficiently generate relativistic electrons by exciting plasma waves using a laser or particle beam driver, and "surfing" electrons on the resulting wakefields. In the blowout regime of such wakefield acceleration techniques, the intense laser radiation pressure or beam fields expel all of the plasma electrons transversely, forming a region completely devoid of electrons ("bubble") that co-propagates behind the driver. Injection, where initially quiescent background plasma electrons become trapped inside of the plasma bubble, can be caused by a variety of mechanisms such as bubble expansion, field ionization or collision between pump and injector pulses. This work will present a study of the injection phenomenon through analytic modeling and particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations. First, an idealized model of a slowly expanding spherical bubble propagating at relativistic speeds is used to demonstrate the importance of the bubble's structural dynamics in self-injection. This physical picture of injection is verified though a reduced PIC approach which makes possible the modeling of problem sizes intractable to first-principles codes. A more realistic analytic model which takes into account the effects of the detailed structure of the fields surrounding the bubble in the injection process is also derived. Bubble expansion rates sufficient to cause injection are characterized. A new mechanism for generation of quasi-monoenergetic electron beams through field ionization induced injection is presented, and simulation results are compared to recent experimental results. Finally, a technique for frequency-domain holographic imaging of the evolving bubble is analyzed using PIC as well as a novel simulation method for laser probe beam propagation. / text

Active integrated antennas (AIAs) are divided into oscillator type AIAs, amplifier type AIAs and frequency-conversion type AIAs. The AIAs designed in this master thesis are oscillator type. Instead of using lumped component like inductors and capacitors, I use a half-wavelength antenna as resonator. In this design, antenna is also treat as a radiated loading. According to reciprocity, antenna receives the reflection signal affected by human body movement and vital sign at the same time. This behavior is regarded as a self-injection locking oscillator. In this master thesis, active antenna is used in monitoring and contacting measurement. In monitoring measurement, active antenna and subject keep their distance. Subject random body movement affects the measured result. Contacting measurement means active antenna pastes on the subject, thus there is no relative displacement between active antenna and subject. Random body movement affect iscancelled in theory. In contacting measurement design some different body motions to test the tolerance of this measurement structure, and use correlation to cancel random body movement. The sensitivity of active antenna structure is enough to detect the vocal vibration in contacting measurement.

This dissertation reports the development of a new multi-band multi-output synthesizer, 1/2 dual-injection locked divider, 1/3 injection-locked divider with phase-tuning, and 1/3 injection-locked divider with self-injection using 0.18-micrometer CMOS technology. The synthesizer is used for a multi-band multi-polarization radar system operating in the K- and Ka-band. The synthesizer is a fully integrated concurrent tri-band, tri-output phase-locked loop (PLL) with divide-by-3 injection locked frequency divider (ILFD). A new locking mechanism for the ILFD based on the gain control of the feedback amplifier is utilized to enable tunable and enhanced locking range which facilitates the attainment of stable locking states. The PLL has three concurrent multiband outputs: 3.47-4.313 GHz, 6.94-8.626 GHz and 19.44-21.42-GHz. High second-order harmonic suppression of 62.2 dBc is achieved without using a filter through optimization of the balance between the differential outputs. The proposed technique enables the use of an integer-N architecture for multi-band and microwave systems, while maintaining the benefit of the integer-N architecture; an optimal performance in area and power consumption. The 1/2 dual-ILFD with wide locking range and low-power consumption is analyzed and designed together with a divide-by-2 current mode logic (CML) divider. The 1/2 dual-ILFD enhances the locking range with low-power consumption through optimized load quality factor (QL) and output current amplitude (iOSC) simultaneously. The 1/2 dual-ILFD achieves a locking range of 692 MHz between 7.512 and 8.204 GHz. The new 1/2 dual-ILFD is especially attractive for microwave phase-locked loops and frequency synthesizers requiring low power and wide locking range. The 3.5-GHz divide-by-3 (1/3) ILFD consists of an internal 10.5-GHz Voltage Controlled Oscillator (VCO) functioning as an injection source, 1/3 ILFD core, and output inverter buffer. A phase tuner implemented on an asymmetric inductor is proposed to increase the locking range. The other divide-by-3 ILFD utilizes self-injection technique. The self-injection technique substantially enhances the locking range and phase noise, and reduces the minimum power of the injection signal needed for the 1/3 ILFD. The locking range is increased by 47.8 % and the phase noise is reduced by 14.77 dBc/Hz at 1-MHz offset.

L’interaction d’une impulsion laser, courte (~ 10 - 100 fs) et ultra-intense (> 10^18 W/cm²), avec un plasma sous-dense (< 10^19 cm^-3) peut accélérer, de manière compacte, une fraction des électrons du plasma jusqu’à des énergies relativistes (~ 100 - 300MeV). Ce phénomène, nommé accélération plasma par sillage laser (APSL), pourrait avoir de nombreuses applications telles que le futur collisionneur d’électrons a ultra-hautes énergies. Cependant, cela requiert au préalable des développements supplémentaires afin que l’APSL produise des paquets d’électrons stables et reproductibles avec une excellente qualité, c’est-à-dire de faibles émittances longitudinale et transverses.Au cours de cette thèse, une étude expérimentale de la stabilité et de la reproductibilité des paquets d’électrons auto-injectes a été réalisée dans des tubes capillaires diélectriques, de longueur 8-20mm et de rayon interne 76-89 µm, contenant du H2 pur a une densité électronique de (10 +/- 1, 5)x10^18 cm^-3. Des paquets d’électrons auto-injectes ont été produits, a une cadence de deux tirs par minute, avec une charge accélérée au-delà de 40 MeV de (66+/-7) pC, une énergie moyenne de (65+/-6) MeV, une divergence de (9+/-1) mrad et une fluctuation de pointe de 2,3 mrad. Trois sources de fluctuations et de dérives des propriétés des paquets d’électrons ont été discutées : dérive d’énergie laser, modification du gradient montant de densité électronique et fluctuations du pointé laser. Des contraintes sur le régime de fonctionnement ont été proposées afin d’améliorer la stabilité et la reproductibilité de la source laser-plasma d’électrons.Un mécanisme alternatif d’injection d’électrons dans l’onde de plasma a également été examiné : l’injection induite par ionisation. Une étude expérimentale a montré que les paquets d’électrons accélérés dans un mélange de 99%H2 + 1%N2 ont une charge deux fois plus importante qu’en présence de H2 pur. De plus, une injection plus précoce a été observée pour le mélange de 99%H2 + 1%N2, indiquant que les premiers électrons sont captures selon le mécanisme d’injection induite par ionisation. Une étude complémentaire, utilisant des simulations Particle-In-Cell avec le code WARP, confirment les résultats expérimentaux et suggèrent que l’auto-injection est supprimée par l’injection induite par ionisation. / The interaction of a short (~ 10 - 100 fs) and ultra-intense (> 10^18 W/cm²) laser pulse with an underdense (< 10^19 cm^-3) plasma can accelerate, in a compact way, a fraction of the electrons of the plasma toward relativistic energies (~ 100 - 300MeV). This mechanism, called laser wakefield acceleration (LWFA), might have various applications such as the future ultra-high energy electron collider. Prior to this, additional investigations are needed to ensure, through LWFA, a stable and reproducible generation of electron bunches of high quality, i.e. low transverse and longitudinal emittances.In this thesis, the stability and the reproducibility of the electron self-injection were experimentally investigated in 8-20mm long, dielectric capillary tubes, with an internal radius of 76-89 µm, and filled with pure H2 at an electronic density of de (10 +/- 1.5)x10^18 cm^-3. Electron bunches were produced, at a rate of two shots per minute, with an accelerated charge above 40 MeV of (66+/-7) pC, a mean energy of (65+/-6) MeV, a divergence of (9+/-1) mrad, and a pointing fluctuation of 2.3 mrad. Three sources were identified for the fluctuations and drifts of the electron bunch properties: laser energy drift, change of the electron number density upramp, and laser pointing fluctuations. Restrictions on the operating regime were proposed in order to improve the stability and the reproducibility of the laser-plasma electron source.An alternative mechanism of electron injection into the plasma wave was also investigated: the ionization-induced injection. An experimental study demonstrated that electron bunches generated in a mixture of 99%H2 + 1%N2 have twice more accelerated charge than in the case of pure H2. Moreover, the earlier onset of electron injection was observed for the mixture 99%H2 + 1%N2, indicating that the first electrons were trapped under the mechanism of ionization-induced injection. Particle-In-Cell simulations performed with the code WARP confirm the experimental results and suggest that the self-injection was inhibited by the ionization-induced injection.