Thesis (M.Sc. (Public Health))--Mahidol University, 1999.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Michigan, 1977.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1983. / Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 58-61).

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Michigan, 1977.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Michigan, 1977.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Virginia, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references. Also available online through Digital Dissertations.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Rhode Island, 2002. / "... presents a comprehensive analysis of the classification of nonprescription medicines and Rx-to-OTC switch criteria policy in the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Japan and Australia."--abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 245-251). Also available on the internet.

This research has been undertaken to evaluate factors with an association with the practice of self-medication amongst respondents living within three cities within Kurdistan. The research was designed to be a cross-sectional one by arranging for data collection through the direct interviewing of respondents via the use of a questionnaire that had been prepared previously. In total, the investigation involved 627 pharmacist participants, 647 general participants, and 28 interviewees from various age groups. An explanatory design is a mixed methods approach with two phases, with quantitative data collection in the first phase, and qualitative data collection in a second; data collection was conducted using a non-probability convenience sampling technique. The primary reason for self-medication practice was that participants with previous experience of attending to the same disease. The information source regarding self-medicated drugs were previous prescriptions, community pharmacies and friends. The most common indication for self-medication was the common cold or fever/headache/infection, the drugs used to treat these conditions being most commonly antibiotics, then painkillers and preparations for coughs. From the general public, a sample of 647 participants was taken that consisted of 38.4% females and 61.6% males, with participant ages ranging from 18-70 years. Within the study, 12.4% of the cohort had a degree level of education from a university. Moreover, 243 participants had the belief that it was an acceptable practice to purchase antibiotics without a prescription. Self-medication was practiced by 14/28 of the interviewees, and 28/28 (100%) of the interviewees held the belief that the pharmacy always has someone with knowledge of medicines, and who can advise and provide medication. There were 627 pharmacist participants, of which 28.1% were female and 71.9% were male, and 57.2% of them holding a Diploma in Health Institution, and 39.2% of them having a Bachelors Pharmacy degree. 20.7% of participants disagreed with keeping records for the dispensing of drugs, and approximately 20% of participants had little or no ideas regarding the characteristics of pharmacy practice that are considered professional. It was discovered that, if asked by the customer, advice was provided by 82.5% of community pharmacists. The sale of antibiotics was the most common, followed by pain-killers. A 95.5% proportion of pharmacists sold all of the medicines as OTC medicine without prescription. In conclusion, medicines are used by the people of Kurdistan in an inventive way, with suggestions provided by lay people and members of family or friends, which is acted upon without a qualified healthcare professional being consulted.

Title: Analysis of self-medication with antibiotics in Kosovo Student: Ardita Veseli Supervisor: Prof. PharmDr. Jiří Vlček, Ph.D. Specialist Supervisor: Mgr. T. Belkina Department of Social and Clinical Pharmacy, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Background: Self-medication is described as a behavior during which someone utilizes drugs for the purpose of treating self-diagnosed symptoms or disorders or the intermittent or continued use of a prescribed drug for chronic or recurrent disease or symptoms. When certain individuals self-medicate with antibiotics, they do it without any prior consultation with a physician. The antibiotics are bought from community pharmacies without a prescription, left-over antibiotics are used or they simply decide to follow the advice given from family members, neighbors or friends. Even though antibiotics are considered revolutionary therapeutic agents in order to eradicate microbes, the repeated and improper antibiotic consumption is contributing to the increased prevalence of antibiotic resistance which nowadays is one of the world's most pressing health problems. Aim: The main goal of the theoretical part is to describe self-medication with antibiotics, the patterns influencing it and some complications associated with this...

Self-medication is a practice that can contribute significantly towards reducing total healthcare expenditure in South Africa. It empowers people to treat themselves in a responsible and cost effective manner. Pharmacists are in an ideal position to implement, monitor and contribute to the success of the concept of self-medication in South Africa. This study will attempt to analyse the acceptance and success of this concept in South Africa. The study will examine the impact of demographic variables, attitudes of both pharmacists and consumers towards self-medication, and views of the government and pharmaceutical organisations. An attempt will be made to obtain viewpoints of other healthcare workers, such as doctors, on the implementation and acceptance of self-medication. The information obtained from structured questionnaires to both pharmacists and consumers will be analysed to arrive at conclusions and recommendations on the concept of self-medication. These conclusions and recommendations will be used to create a conceptual framework for consumers and pharmacists. It is hoped that findings from this empirical study will contribute to the body of knowledge and shed new insights into responsible self-medication in South Africa. / Thesis (MBA)-University of Natal, Durban, 2003.