This paper presents an adaptation of the classical model of Streeter-Phelps modeling of Dissolved Oxygen (DO) and Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) in the basin of the Upper Jaguaribe (25,000 km2), State of Ceara, Brazil. The adaptation of the model consisted of the numerical solution of differential equations Streeter-Phelps, considering the effect of incremental flows and sewage releases over the sections, as well as the variability of the sections of rivers and tributaries. For model calibration, including the adjustment of reaeration coefficients (K2) and removal of BOD (Kd), we used the data of the Plan of Management of Waters of the Rio Jaguaribe Basin. Calibration results showed that this simplified model represented well the balance between DO and BOD in a large semi-arid basin, with a good fit for both parameters. For OD, the average deviation was 8.44% and 6.04% by the end and beginning of the rainy season, respectively. As for BOD, the deviations were 18.51% and 30.43% for the two seasons, respectively. In both periods, the OD remained within the standards for Class 2 of Resolution CONAMA 357/2005 throughout the stretch and the BOD breached this limit on a short stretch near the city of Taua. With the already calibrated model were simulated three scenarios: a large full, using as reference flow Q10 of a historical series of Jaguaribe; drought, using the Q50 of the series; and implementation of a WWTP with 80% removal of BOD in all seats. The simulations showed consistent results and that serve as a basis for management of water resources of the study area. / Este trabalho apresenta uma adaptaÃÃo do modelo clÃssico de Streeter-Phelps para modelagem de OxigÃnio Dissolvido (OD) e Demanda BioquÃmica de OxigÃnio (DBO) na bacia do Alto Jaguaribe (Ãrea de 25.000 km2), Estado do CearÃ, Brasil. A adaptaÃÃo do modelo consistiu na resoluÃÃo numÃrica das equaÃÃes diferenciais de Streeter-Phelps, considerando o efeito de vazÃes incrementais e lanÃamentos de esgoto ao longo dos trechos, assim como a variabilidade das seÃÃes dos rios e tributÃrios. Para calibraÃÃo do modelo, incluindo o ajuste dos coeficientes de reaeraÃÃo (K2) e remoÃÃo de DBO (Kd), foram utilizados os dados do Plano de Gerenciamento das Ãguas da Bacia do Rio Jaguaribe. Os resultados da calibraÃÃo mostraram que esse modelo simplificado representou bem o balanÃo entre OD e DBO em uma grande bacia semiÃrida, apresentando um bom ajuste para os dois parÃmetros. Para OD, o desvio mÃdio foi de 8,44% e 6,04% para o fim e inÃcio da estaÃÃo chuvosa, respectivamente. Jà para DBO, os desvios foram de 18,51% e 30,43% para as duas estaÃÃes, respectivamente. Nos dois perÃodos, o OD manteve-se dentro dos padrÃes para Classe 2 da resoluÃÃo CONAMA 357/2005 em todo o trecho e a DBO infringiu este limite em um pequeno trecho prÃximo à cidade de TauÃ. Com o modelo jà calibrado, foram simulados trÃs cenÃrios: uma grande cheia, utilizando como vazÃo de referÃncia o Q10 de uma sÃrie histÃrica do Jaguaribe; estiagem, utilizando o Q50 da sÃrie histÃrica; e, implantaÃÃo de uma ETE com remoÃÃo de 80% de DBO em todas as sedes. As simulaÃÃes apresentaram resultados coerentes e que servem como base para o gerenciamento dos recursos hÃdricos da bacia estudada.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / The thesis addresses sustainability of groundwater utilization in arid and semiarid regions of Namibia. Recharge in this hydrogeological setting occurs as discrete events to aquifers that are bounded in extent. Case studies involving fractured hardrock and alluvial aquifers with aquifer-ephemeral river interaction were considered. The nature of recharge to arid region bounded aquifers was explored. In arid region aquifers, roundwater storage is depleted during extended dry periods due to pumping and natural discharge. Steady state conditions are rarely achieved. With lowering of the water table, evapotranspiration is reduced thus decreasing aquifer discharge. However, depletion of ephemeral river flow is the primary source of water to boreholes. Physical constraints such as river bed and aquifer hydraulic properties set a limit to the degree of natural replenishment possible during flow events. An approach to assessing sustainable yield of a fractured rock aquifer associated with ephemeral river flow is discussed using a case study from rural semi-arid Namibia. Limited data required the simulation results to be verified against geological and hydrogeological constraints. The aquifer’s gain in storage is estimated through numerical simulation. It provides a basis for groundwater scheme management that rely on limited data in semi-arid conditions in sub-Saharan Africa. Aspects related to ephemeral river flow and groundwater recharge to strip alluvial aquifers was addressed in the second case study. The processes controlling infiltration, significance of surface water and groundwater losses, and possible artificial recharge options were investigated through numerical simulation. It was concluded that recharge processes in arid alluvial aquifers differ significantly from those in humid systems. Conjunctive use of surface and groundwater resources require artificial augmentation of aquifer recharge due to constrains in natural infiltration rates. The study provides a reference for sustainable management of alluvial aquifer systems in similar regions. It is seen from the study that high rates of groundwater exploitation deplete surface water resources needed downstream while failure to capture surface flow during flood events cause loss of potential recharge. It is concluded that as water demand in Namibia increases, basin wide combined surface water and groundwater resource evaluation and management have become a necessity.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / O desenvolvimento de tÃcnicas exploratÃrias que respeitem as limitaÃÃes edafoclimÃticas, atravÃs de manejos de conservaÃÃo dos recursos naturais solo-Ãgua-planta à hoje objeto de estudo nas diferentes Ãreas do conhecimento. O objetivo desta investigaÃÃo foi definir um modelo de recuperaÃÃo das Ãreas degradadas no semiÃrido brasileiro pelo emprego da serapilheira produzida pelo bioma Caatinga, como tambÃm avaliar as mudanÃas nos atributos biolÃgicos, quÃmicos e fÃsicos ocorridas nos solos das Ãreas de retirada e deposiÃÃo da serapilheira. AlÃm de investigar a dinÃmica do regime pluviomÃtrico na produÃÃo e taxa de decomposiÃÃo da serapilheira do bioma caatinga. Este trabalho foi desenvolvido no municÃpio de General Sampaio, CearÃ, Brasil. Sendo composto por duas Ãreas experimentais, prÃximas e distintas, Ãrea 1 â RPPN Elias Andrade e Ãrea 2 â solo degradado. Os tratamentos foram definidos atravÃs de percentuais de cobertura do solo com a serapilheira, sendo estes: 0, 20, 40, 60, 80 e 100% de cobertura, o que corresponde a 0, 17, 34, 50, 67 e 83 kg, respectivamente, em parcelas de 25 m2. Em cada Ãrea de estudo foram aplicados seis tratamentos com quatro repetiÃÃes, com delineamento inteiramente casualizado com parcelas subdivididas (Ãrea 1) e delineamento em blocos casualizados com parcelas subdivididas (Ãrea 2), nas camadas de solo 0-5, 5-10 e 5-20 cm. Avaliou-se a produÃÃo anual de serapilheira correspondente aos anos de 2009/2010, como tambÃm a dinÃmica de forma espacial e temporal de alguns atributos edÃficos: atributos biolÃgicos (RBS, CBM e qCO2), quÃmicos (Ca, Mg, Na, K, MO e P) e fÃsicos (densidade do solo, umidade, porosidade total, macroporos e microporos), com amostras indeformadas e deformadas (compostas). Observou-se nesta investigaÃÃo que a produtividade mensal de serapilheira em RegiÃes semiÃridas apresenta relaÃÃo inversa com a precipitaÃÃo. Como tambÃm, o tempo de estudo foi considerado pequeno quando se refere ao processo evolutivo dos atributos do solo. O que se pÃde constatar foram tendÃncias de alguns atributos, relacionadas diretamente aos fatores edafoclimÃticos. / The development of exploratory techniques that respect the limitations edaphoclimatic through managements conservation of natural soil-water-plant is now the object of study in different fields of knowledge. The objective of this investigation was to define a model of recovery of degraded areas in the Brazilian semiarid region by the use of litter produced by the Caatinga biome, but also assess changes in attributes biological, chemical and physical soil occurred in the soil occurred in the areas of removal and disposal of litter. Besides investigating the dynamics of rainfall in the production and decomposition rate of litter in the Caatinga biome. This study was conducted in the municipality of General Sampaio, CearÃ, Brazil. Comprised of two experimental areas, near and distinct, area 1-PRNP Elias Andrade and area 2-degraded soil. Treatments were defined by percentage of soil cover with litter, which are: 0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100% coverage, which corresponds to 0, 17, 34, 50, 67 and 83kg, respectively, in plots of 25 m2. In each study area applied six treatments with four replications, with random block design with split plots (area 1) and random block design with split plots (area 2), the soil layers 0-5, 5-10 and 5-20cm. We evaluated the annual litter production corresponding to the years 2009/2010, as well as the spatial and temporal dynamics of some soil attributes: biological attributes (RBS, CBM and qCO2), chemical (Ca, Mg, Na, K, MO, P) and physical (bulk density, moisture content, porosity, macropores and micropores) in disturbed and undisturbed samples (composite). Observed in this investigation that productivity monthly litter in semiarid regions is inversely correlated with rainfall. As well, the study time was considered short when referring to the evolutionary process of the soil properties. What we could see some treds were attributes related directly to edaphoclimatic factors