Thesis (M.PsychSport&Ex.) - University of Queensland, 2004. / Includes bibliography.

Thesis (Ph. D)--University of Oregon, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 89-94)

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2006. / Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. "These investigations were supported in part by the National Institute on Deafness and Communication Disorders ... and the National Institute of General Medical Sciences"--P. viii. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 142-152). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.

Thesis (M. Communication Pathology)--Universiteit van Pretoria, 2000. / Summary in English and Afrikaans.

Adaptation is a fundamental property of the nervous system that underlies the maintenance of successful actions through flexible reconfiguration of sensorimotor processing. The primary aims of this thesis are 1) to investigate the computational and neural underpinnings of sensorimotor memory formation during prism adaptation (PA) in humans, and 2) how they interact with anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (a-tDCS) of the primary motor cortex (M1), in order to 3) improve efficacy of prism therapy for post-stroke spatial neglect. In chapter 4, we modify an influential state-space model of adaptation in order to characterize the contribution of short and long memory timescales to motor behaviour as sensorimotor after-effects (AEs) develop during PA. This enables us, in the multimodal 7 Tesla MRI experiment reported in chapter 5, to demonstrate that the level of M1 excitation:inhibition causally sets the relative contribution of long versus short memory timescales during PA, thus determining behavioural persistence of the AE at retention in young healthy adults. This finding offers a bridge between different levels of investigation by providing a biologically plausible neuro-computational model of how sensorimotor memories are formed and enhanced by a-tDCS. In chapter 6, we use the ageing motor system as a model of reduced GABAergic inhibition and show that the age-related decrease in M1 GABA explains why older adults demonstrate more persistent prism AEs. Taken together, these data indicate that the reduction in M1 GABAergic inhibition via excitatory a-tDCS during PA has the potential to enhance persistence of adaptation memory in both young and older adults. Informed by these results, we subsequently ask whether standard (multi-session) PA therapy combined with left M1 a-tDCS translates to greater and/or longer-lasting clinical improvements in post-stroke spatial neglect patients. In chapter 7, we compare the multimodal neuroimaging data of six neglect patients to normative data of age-matched controls. We show that in all patients, the lesion interrupted long-range frontoparietal connections, and we provide direct evidence for a pathological left dominance of activity within the lateral occipital cortex during deployment of bilateral visuospatial attention. In chapter 8, we present the behavioural performance of these patients throughout the two phases of the clinical study (i.e. before and after either PA + real M1 a-tDCS or PA + sham M1 atDCS). There was no clear effect of a-tDCS on the therapeutic effect of PA in these patients. The results of the studies presented in this thesis provide a novel insight into the neurocomputational mechanisms of sensorimotor memory formation and its modulation by a-tDCS in the healthy brain. Further investigation of how these mechanisms relate to therapeutic improvements following PA in certain neglect patients is needed.

Submitted by Giovana Duarte Eltz (giovanade@gmail.com) on 2018-11-05T18:14:49Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE_COMPLETA_GIOVANA_ELTZ.pdf: 4010107 bytes, checksum: 82dcbe682e9275743432a9a86507b6bd (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Santulo Custódio de Medeiros null (asantulo@rc.unesp.br) on 2018-11-06T12:34:58Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 eltz_gd_dr_rcla.pdf: 3976412 bytes, checksum: 7aa89cfe68372eae2fdd7318c0d3e25f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-06T12:34:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 eltz_gd_dr_rcla.pdf: 3976412 bytes, checksum: 7aa89cfe68372eae2fdd7318c0d3e25f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-09-05 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O equilíbrio é um pré-requisito importante para o aprendizado de habilidades motoras complexas e estão relacionadas ao esporte, desde a juventude até a idade adulta. O desempenho do equilíbrio vem sendo associado a melhora do desempenho atlético (ou seja, saltos verticais, sprints, tarefas de mudança de direção) e até mesmo está sendo considerado uma condição importante para o atleta tornar-se de alto nível. Atualmente equipes e atletas estão utilizando o treino de equilíbrio como uma modalidade de exercício para melhorar o equilíbrio, prevenir lesões nas extremidades inferiores, reabilitar a propriocepção e função neuromuscular. Este treinamento, tem como objetivo gerar instabilidade ao atleta e com isso gerar melhora do controle postural, propriocepção e alguns casos força. A melhora controle postural se dá através dos mecanismos neuronais, envolvendo redes espinhais e supraespinhais. No nível da coluna vertebral, o treino de equilíbrio inibe a excitabilidade reflexa espinhal devido a um aumento na inibição pré-sináptica. Melhorias no desempenho do equilíbrio estão associadas a redução da excitabilidade córticoespinal e cortical (nível supraespinhal), gerando regulações no reflexo. Além disso, adaptações favoráveis após treinamento de equilíbrio podem estar associadas as mudanças estruturais na massa cinzenta e substância branca no lobo pré-frontal em indivíduos jovens saudáveis. Portanto, mudanças geradas no Sistema Nervoso Central (SNC) podem contribuir na melhora do desempenho do equilíbrio e nos efeitos que tendem a prevenir as lesões. Apesar do treinamento equilíbrio ser uma ferramenta efetiva para a melhoria do controle postural e variáveis neuromusculares, ainda há contradição na literatura em relação aos seus efeitos no desempenho de atletas e pouco se sabe sobre o efeito imediato deste treinamento. Preparadores físicos e fisioterapeutas devem considerar que os indivíduos submetidos a treinos de equilíbrio possam apresentar déficit imediato. O objetivo desta pesquisa é determinar quais parâmetros biomecânicos são influenciados após o treinamento equilíbrio em atletas de forma imediata e crônica. As coletas foram realizadas em 45 participantes do sexo feminino e 15 do masculino com idade entre 18 e 35 anos, sendo que para o experimento 1 e 2 foram avaliadas trinta jogadoras de basquete, no experimento 3 atletas de diversas modalidades, quinze mulheres e quinze homens. No experimento 1 e 3 foram realizadas avaliações imediatamente após o treinamento de equilíbrio, 15 minutos e 30 minutos. No experimento 1 foram avaliadas as variáveis de equilíbrio (área, comprimento e velocidade do centro de pressão - COP) e do salto contramovimento (altura e força de reação do solo na aterrissagem), já no experimento 3 foram realizados testes isométricos e isocinético para verificação do torque e com eletromiografia nos músculos reto femoral, vasto lateral e vasto medial para cálculos da eficiência neuromuscular. No experimento 2 foi realizado treinamento equilíbrio com jogadoras de basquete por oito semanas. Foram divididas em dois grupos (controle e treinamento), realizaram avaliações pré e pós treinamento. As avaliações realizadas foram senso de posição ativa, cinestesia, teste isométrico e teste isocinético de joelho dominante, equilíbrio unipodal e salto contramovimento. Após a verificação da normalidade (ShapiroWilk) e homogeneidade (Levene), foi utilizado o teste T independente para comparar as variáveis dependentes entre grupos. Para verificar o efeito do treinamento de equilíbrio, foi aplicada a análise de variância (ANOVA) two-way. Na sequência utilizou-se a ANOVA one way, com correção de Bonferroni para análises par a par quando encontradas interações ou quando encontrados somente efeitos principais. Para todas as variáveis foram adotados o nível de significância de α < 0.05. Após 8 semanas de treino, o grupo treinamento melhorou o desempenho do salto, do equilíbrio olhos fechado e olhos aberto membro não dominante, do senso de posição, torque isométrico e isocinético, mas não apresentou melhora no equilíbrio olhos abertos membro dominante e cinestesia. Já no efeito imediato apenas a altura do salto contramovimento não apresentou déficit imediatamente pós o treino de equilíbrio. As demais variáveis, força de reação do solo, equilíbrio unipodal, torque isométrico, torque isocinético e eficiência neuromuscular apresentaram déficit imediatos ao treino e algumas delas levando não retornaram ao valor basal após 30 minutos de treino. / Balance is an important prerequisite for learning complex, life-related motor skills. Balance performance has been associated with improved athletic performance (ie, vertical jumps, sprints, change-of-direction tasks) and is even considered to be an important condition for the athlete to become a high-level athlete. Currently teams and athletes are using balance training as an exercise modality to improve balance, prevent injury to the lower extremities, rehabilitate proprioception and neuromuscular function. This training aims to generate instability to the athlete and with that improves athletes’ postural control through neuronal mechanisms, involving spinal and supraspinal networks. At the spinal level, balance training apears to inhibit spinal reflex excitability due to an increase in presynaptic inhibition. Improvements in balance performance can be associated with substantially reduce corticospinal and cortical excitability so that the traininginduced reflex down-regulation is associated with improvements in balance performance (supraspinal level). In addition, favorable adaptations after balance training may be associated with structural changes in gray matter and white matter in the prefrontal lobe in healthy young subjects. Therefore, changes generated in the Central Nervous System (CNS) may contribute to improved balance performance and to effects that tend to prevent injury. Although balance training is an effective tool for the improvement of postural control and neuromuscular variables, there is still contradiction in the literature regarding its effects on the performance of athletes and little is known about the immediate effect of this training. Physical trainers and physiotherapists should consider that individuals submitted to balance training may present immediate deficit. The aim of this research is to determine which biomechanical parameters are influenced after the balance training in athletes immediately and chronically. The samples were collected in 45 female participants and 15 male participants aged 18 to 35 years. For the experiment 1 and 2, thirty basketball players were evaluated, in the experiment 3 athletes of various modalities, fifteen women and fifteen men. In experiments 1 and 3, evaluations were performed immediately after the balance training, 15 minutes and 30 minutes. In the experiment 1, were evaluated the variables of balance and countermovement jump, and in the experiment 3, was performed isometric and isokinetic tests with electromyography in the rectus femoris, vastus lateralis and vastus medialis muscles. In experiment 2, balance training was performed with basketball players for eight weeks. They were divided into two groups (control and training), performed pre and post training assessments. The evaluations performed were a sense of active position, kinesthesia, isometric test and isokinetic test of dominant knee, unipodal balance and countermovement jump. After verification of normality (Shapiro-Wilk) and homogeneity (Levene), the independent T-test was used to compare the dependent variables between groups. To verify the effect of the balance training, the ANOVA two-way was applied. An ANOVA one way, with Bonferroni correction, was used for parity analyzes when interactions were found or when only main effects were found. For all variables, the level of significance of α <0.05 was adopted. After 8 weeks of training, the training group improved the performance of the jump, the closed eyes balance and open eyes non-dominant limb, the sense of position, isometric and isokinetic torque, but did not show improvement in the open eyes limb dominant balance and kinesthesia. Already in the immediate effect only the height of the countermovement jump did not present deficit immediately after the balance training. The other variables, ground reaction force, unipodal balance, isometric torque, isokinetic torque and neuromuscular efficiency presented immediate training deficit, and some of them did not return to baseline after 30 minutes of training. / CAPES: 001

The present study attempted to predict the serious side effects of akathisia and parkinsonism on the basis of individualized measurement of changes in visuomotor functioning. The following were the hypotheses for this investigation. 1. A deterioration of visuomotor ability as measured by a modification of Haase and Janssen' s (1965) Handwriting Test will predict which patients undergoing neuroleptic therapy will experience the extrapyramidal symptoms of akathisia and parkinsonism (symptom group) and which will not (no-symptom group). 2. A deterioration of visuomotor ability as measured by the Bender-Gestalt will predict which patients undergoing neuroleptic therapy will experience the extrapyramidal symptoms of akathisia and parkinsonism (symptom group) and which will not (no-symptom group). It was not possible to predict the symptom group as a whole on the basis of the Handwriting Test scores since a t test of the difference was not significant between group means. However, inspection of these scores showed clear deterioration of performance among the patients who experienced parkinsonian reactions as opposed to those who experienced akathisia or who did not experience extrapyramidal symptoms at all. The symptom group was separated into akathisic and parkinsonian groups and compared to the subjects who did not experience extrapyramidal side effects (no-symptom group). A one-way ANOVA showed a nonsignificant difference between the three groups. Similar analysis of the Bender-Gestalt scores failed to support the second hypothesis since no significant difference was found between groups.

Executantes habilidosos desenvolvem uma capacidade de perceber e processar uma vasta quantidade de informações com velocidade e precisão, bem como o de realizar ajustes eficientes quando necessário (Schmidt e Wrisberg 2001). Corticalmente, para obter esse controle mais refinado, a integração sensoriomotora é fundamental. Essa integração consiste no contínuo processamento, pelo sistema motor, das aferências sensoriais que preparam para o ato motor e melhoram a execução de atividades de controle motor fino (Minc et al., 2010). Atividades físicas que diferem exatamente em relação a como seus praticantes necessitam processar as informações sensoriais para gerar o movimento, devem resultar em integrações sensoriomotoras distintas. Este estudo tem como objetivo analisar a atividade eletroencefálica de indivíduos com habilidades percepto-motoras distintas (indivíduos altamente habilidosos com treinamento em dança/TD e treinamento em vôlei/TV), evocados por tarefas de simulação de ação. A amostra do presente estudo foi intencional e composta por 14 participantes destros, cada grupo foi constituído por 07 mulheres com idade entre 18 anos e 29 anos. Através de EEG, foram extraídos os parâmetros de média de energia (processamento cortical ao longo do tempo), amplitude (número de elementos neuronais envolvidos na tarefa) e frequência (ritmo oscilatório predominante) na banda alfa e gama do sinal cerebral nos pontos C3, C4, Cz (córtex motor primário), F3 (área motora suplementar esquerda), F7 (córtex pré-motor esquerdo), P3, P4 e Pz (córtex parietal), evocados por tarefas envolvendo a observação e imaginação de gestos específicos dos dois treinamentos e gestos considerados como neutros. Os principais resultados encontrados forneceram evidências de que o grupo TD apresentou, nas tarefas de dança, um maior processamento cortical ao longo do tempo nos pontos referentes ao córtex motor primário (Minc et al., 2010), córtex pré-motor (Freund e Hummelsheim, 1984) e área motora suplementar (Serrien et al.,2002) esquerdos; maior número de elementos neuronais envolvidos na tarefa no ponto referente ao córtex motor primário esquerdo; diferenças na principal componente da frequência no ritmo alfa no córtex motor primário esquerdo; e diferenças na principal componente da frequência no ritmo gama no córtex motor primário direito. Nas tarefas referentes ao treinamento em vôlei, o grupo TV apresentou menor processamento ao longo do tempo nos pontos parietal (Wolpert et al., 1998); menor número de elementos neuronais envolvidos na tarefa nos pontos referentes aos córtices motor primário e pré-motor esquerdos e diferença na principal componente da frequência no ritmo gama no córtex motor primário esquerdo. Nas tarefas consideradas como neutras foram encontradas diferenças entre os grupos no córtex motor primário direito no ritmo alfa e no córtex parietal direito no ritmo gama. Os resultados encontrados no presente estudo nos parâmetros que representam o processamento cortical, que refletem o número de elementos neuronais envolvidos na tarefa e que representam o ritmo oscilatório predominante demonstraram claramente que as regiões corticais envolvidas na integração sensoriomotora apresentaram diferenças na forma como os dois grupos processaram a informação sensorial e prepararam o gesto motor. Tomados em conjunto, esses resultados demonstram que cada grupo apresentou um padrão constante de processamento sensoriomotor, independente da tarefa. Essas evidências nos permitem concluir que indivíduos com diferentes habilidades percepto-motoras apresentam integrações sensoriomotoras distintas. / Skilled performers develop an ability to perceive and process a vast amount of information with speed and accuracy, as well as to perform efficient adjustments when necessary (Schmidt and Wrisberg 2001). Cortically to achieve this finer control, sensorimotor integration is the key. This integration consists in continuous processing, by the motor system, the sensory afferents that prepare for the motor act and improve the performance of activities for fine motor control (Minc et al., 2010). Physical activities that differ over exactly how its practitioners need to process sensory information to generate movement should result in distinct sensorimotor integration. This study aims to analyze the electroencephalography activity of individuals with perceptual-motor skills (highly skilled individuals with training in dance/TD and training in volleyball/TV) evoked by action simulation tasks. The study sample was intentional and composed of 14 right-handed participants; each group consisted of 07 women aged between 18 and 29 years. Through EEG were extracted parameters mean energy (cortical processing over time), amplitude (number of neural elements involved in the task) and frequency (oscillating rhythm predominant) in alpha and gamma bands in the brain signal points C3, C4, Cz (primary motor cortex), F3 (left supplementary motor area), F7 (left premotor cortex), P3, P4 and Pz (parietal cortex), evoked by tasks involving observation and imagination of specific gestures of both training and gestures considered neutral. The main results provided evidence that the TD group presented the tasks of dance, a higher cortical processing over time in points for the primary motor cortex (Minc et al., 2010), left premotor cortex (Freund and Hummelsheim, 1984) and left supplementary motor area (Serrien et al. 2002); greater number of neural elements involved in the task at point for the left primary motor cortex; differences in the main frequency component of the alpha rhythm in the left primary motor cortex , and differences in the main component of the frequency gamma in the right primary motor cortex. In tasks relating to training volleyball, VT group showed lower processing over time at parietal points (Wolpert et al. 1998); smaller number of neural elements involved in the task at points related to left primary motor cortex and left premotor and main component difference in the frequency gamma in the left primary motor cortex. In the tasks considered neutral differences were found between groups in the right primary motor cortex in the alpha rhythm and in the right parietal cortex in the gamma rhythm. The results found in this study at the parameters that represent the cortical processing, that reflect the number of neuronal elements involved in the task and which represent the predominant rhythm oscillatory clearly demonstrated that cortical regions involved in sensorimotor integration showed differences in how the two groups processed sensory information and prepared the gesture motor. Taken together, these results demonstrate that each group had a consistent pattern of sensorimotor processing, regardless of the task. This evidence allows us to conclude that individuals with different perceptual-motor skills have distinct sensorimotor integration.

Executantes habilidosos desenvolvem uma capacidade de perceber e processar uma vasta quantidade de informações com velocidade e precisão, bem como o de realizar ajustes eficientes quando necessário (Schmidt e Wrisberg 2001). Corticalmente, para obter esse controle mais refinado, a integração sensoriomotora é fundamental. Essa integração consiste no contínuo processamento, pelo sistema motor, das aferências sensoriais que preparam para o ato motor e melhoram a execução de atividades de controle motor fino (Minc et al., 2010). Atividades físicas que diferem exatamente em relação a como seus praticantes necessitam processar as informações sensoriais para gerar o movimento, devem resultar em integrações sensoriomotoras distintas. Este estudo tem como objetivo analisar a atividade eletroencefálica de indivíduos com habilidades percepto-motoras distintas (indivíduos altamente habilidosos com treinamento em dança/TD e treinamento em vôlei/TV), evocados por tarefas de simulação de ação. A amostra do presente estudo foi intencional e composta por 14 participantes destros, cada grupo foi constituído por 07 mulheres com idade entre 18 anos e 29 anos. Através de EEG, foram extraídos os parâmetros de média de energia (processamento cortical ao longo do tempo), amplitude (número de elementos neuronais envolvidos na tarefa) e frequência (ritmo oscilatório predominante) na banda alfa e gama do sinal cerebral nos pontos C3, C4, Cz (córtex motor primário), F3 (área motora suplementar esquerda), F7 (córtex pré-motor esquerdo), P3, P4 e Pz (córtex parietal), evocados por tarefas envolvendo a observação e imaginação de gestos específicos dos dois treinamentos e gestos considerados como neutros. Os principais resultados encontrados forneceram evidências de que o grupo TD apresentou, nas tarefas de dança, um maior processamento cortical ao longo do tempo nos pontos referentes ao córtex motor primário (Minc et al., 2010), córtex pré-motor (Freund e Hummelsheim, 1984) e área motora suplementar (Serrien et al.,2002) esquerdos; maior número de elementos neuronais envolvidos na tarefa no ponto referente ao córtex motor primário esquerdo; diferenças na principal componente da frequência no ritmo alfa no córtex motor primário esquerdo; e diferenças na principal componente da frequência no ritmo gama no córtex motor primário direito. Nas tarefas referentes ao treinamento em vôlei, o grupo TV apresentou menor processamento ao longo do tempo nos pontos parietal (Wolpert et al., 1998); menor número de elementos neuronais envolvidos na tarefa nos pontos referentes aos córtices motor primário e pré-motor esquerdos e diferença na principal componente da frequência no ritmo gama no córtex motor primário esquerdo. Nas tarefas consideradas como neutras foram encontradas diferenças entre os grupos no córtex motor primário direito no ritmo alfa e no córtex parietal direito no ritmo gama. Os resultados encontrados no presente estudo nos parâmetros que representam o processamento cortical, que refletem o número de elementos neuronais envolvidos na tarefa e que representam o ritmo oscilatório predominante demonstraram claramente que as regiões corticais envolvidas na integração sensoriomotora apresentaram diferenças na forma como os dois grupos processaram a informação sensorial e prepararam o gesto motor. Tomados em conjunto, esses resultados demonstram que cada grupo apresentou um padrão constante de processamento sensoriomotor, independente da tarefa. Essas evidências nos permitem concluir que indivíduos com diferentes habilidades percepto-motoras apresentam integrações sensoriomotoras distintas. / Skilled performers develop an ability to perceive and process a vast amount of information with speed and accuracy, as well as to perform efficient adjustments when necessary (Schmidt and Wrisberg 2001). Cortically to achieve this finer control, sensorimotor integration is the key. This integration consists in continuous processing, by the motor system, the sensory afferents that prepare for the motor act and improve the performance of activities for fine motor control (Minc et al., 2010). Physical activities that differ over exactly how its practitioners need to process sensory information to generate movement should result in distinct sensorimotor integration. This study aims to analyze the electroencephalography activity of individuals with perceptual-motor skills (highly skilled individuals with training in dance/TD and training in volleyball/TV) evoked by action simulation tasks. The study sample was intentional and composed of 14 right-handed participants; each group consisted of 07 women aged between 18 and 29 years. Through EEG were extracted parameters mean energy (cortical processing over time), amplitude (number of neural elements involved in the task) and frequency (oscillating rhythm predominant) in alpha and gamma bands in the brain signal points C3, C4, Cz (primary motor cortex), F3 (left supplementary motor area), F7 (left premotor cortex), P3, P4 and Pz (parietal cortex), evoked by tasks involving observation and imagination of specific gestures of both training and gestures considered neutral. The main results provided evidence that the TD group presented the tasks of dance, a higher cortical processing over time in points for the primary motor cortex (Minc et al., 2010), left premotor cortex (Freund and Hummelsheim, 1984) and left supplementary motor area (Serrien et al. 2002); greater number of neural elements involved in the task at point for the left primary motor cortex; differences in the main frequency component of the alpha rhythm in the left primary motor cortex , and differences in the main component of the frequency gamma in the right primary motor cortex. In tasks relating to training volleyball, VT group showed lower processing over time at parietal points (Wolpert et al. 1998); smaller number of neural elements involved in the task at points related to left primary motor cortex and left premotor and main component difference in the frequency gamma in the left primary motor cortex. In the tasks considered neutral differences were found between groups in the right primary motor cortex in the alpha rhythm and in the right parietal cortex in the gamma rhythm. The results found in this study at the parameters that represent the cortical processing, that reflect the number of neuronal elements involved in the task and which represent the predominant rhythm oscillatory clearly demonstrated that cortical regions involved in sensorimotor integration showed differences in how the two groups processed sensory information and prepared the gesture motor. Taken together, these results demonstrate that each group had a consistent pattern of sensorimotor processing, regardless of the task. This evidence allows us to conclude that individuals with different perceptual-motor skills have distinct sensorimotor integration.

abstract: Incidental learning of sequential information occurs in visual, auditory and tactile domains. It occurs throughout our lifetime and even in nonhuman species. It is likely to be one of the most important foundations for the development of normal learning. To date, there is no agreement as to how incidental learning occurs. The goal of the present set of experiments is to determine if visual sequential information is learned in terms of abstract rules or stimulus-specific details. Two experiments test the extent to which interaction with the stimuli can influence the information that is encoded by the learner. The results of both experiments support the claim that stimulus and domain specific details directly shape what is learned, through a process of tuning the neuromuscular systems involved in the interaction between the learner and the materials. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.A. Psychology 2013