This diploma thesis presents the topic of urban drainage systems. The first theoretical part contains methods and options for urban drainage systems, stormwater management, blue-green infrastructure (BGI) in urban areas and introduction of numerical modelling of sewerage systems. The application of modelling platforms is further described in the feasibility study in the practical part of this thesis. By using the simulation model, the study assesses the hydraulic reliability of the drainage system in the city of Jedovnice in the Czech Republic, identifies hydraulic issues and their causes on the urban drainage system. The second part of the study assesses extra-urban stormwater inflow from fields around the city caused by heavy rainfalls, which causes local flooding in the urban area. The identification as well as proposed solutions and capital expenditures, their comparison and recommendation of the optimal solution are included in the study.

This master’s thesis is focused on the business risk protection in construction projects. The first part is dedicated to an interpretation of theoretical knowledge which defines and describes the risk, acquaints readers with principles of the risk management and presents commonly used forms of the business risk protection in practice. The second part deals with a practical use of the protection tools and proposes their effective adjustment in the selected public works contracts.

The goal of this diploma thesis is the design of the sanitary installations and gas main in the pension for pensioners. The building has three floors above ground and one underground floor. The building will be covered with a hiped roof. On the first floor there is the technical background of the building, Reception and kitchen with dining room. The basement is located just below the kitchen and serves as a cloakroom for kitchen staff. The building will be designed to use as much non-potable water as possible in the form of rainwater, which will be collected from the roofs. The theoretical part deals with the use of non-potable water as operating water in buildings. The calculation and project part deals with the gravity sewer system, plumbing and gas main in the building.

Undichte Abwassersysteme sind in unserer urbanisierten Welt allgegenwärtig, und aufgrund ihrer versteckten Infrastruktur und der schwierigen Überwachung bleiben ihre Leckagen oft in der Anfangsphase unbemerkt. Trotz der umfangreichen technologischen Entwicklung bei den Kanalinspektionsmethoden und den dazugehörigen Techniken ist die Überwachung von Abwasserkanälen auf städtischer Ebene nach wie vor kostspielig und schwierig. Daher werden ein Empfehlungsverfahren und eine Methodenklassifizierung benötigt, um einen nachhaltigen und kosteneffizienten Kanalinspektionsplan auf Stadtebene zu erstellen. In diesem Zusammenhang kann diese Studie im Wesentlichen in drei Teile gegliedert werden. Zunächst wurde eine umfassende Literaturstudie zu den verfügbaren Kanalinspektionsmethoden durchgeführt, um ein umfassenderes Verständnis für deren Wirkungsbereich und technischen Grad zu erhalten. Darüber hinaus wurden diese Inspektionsmethoden auf der Grundlage ihres Wirkungsbereichs in drei Stufen eingeteilt, wobei Stufe 1 die Methoden mit dem größten Wirkungsbereich umfasst, wie z. B. die Verschlechterungsmodellierung, die ein umfassendes und dennoch zuverlässiges Verständnis der Integrität des Abwassersystems ermöglicht. Stufe 2 bietet intermediäre Inspektionsmethoden wie Wärmebildaufnahmen aus der Luft und geoelektrische Inspektionstechniken, die eine zerstörungsfreie Inspektion, der von Stufe 1 vorgeschlagenen Bereiche ermöglichen. Bei den Methoden der Stufe 3 handelt es sich in erster Linie um Inspektionstechniken in der Rohrleitung, die häufig eine Rohrentwässerung erfordern und im Gegenzug für eine hohe Erkennungsgenauigkeit kostspielig zu implementieren sind. Zweitens wurde als Beitrag zu den Tier-1-Methoden das Vulnerability Hotspot Mapping entwickelt, ein GIS-gestütztes Modell, das die am häufigsten von den Entleerungsmodellen verwendeten Faktoren berücksichtigt und Bereiche des Abwassersystems anbietet, die besonders anfällig für Leckagen sind. Die Validierungs- und Sensitivitätsanalysen ergaben, dass die Fließgeschwindigkeit, das Rohralter und die Oberflächenvegetation die sinnvollsten Faktoren für das Modell sind. Darüber hinaus ergab das lineare Modell einen Wirkungsgrad von 76 % und einen mittleren quadratischen Fehler von 0,918, während es durch den Random-Forest-Algorithmus mit 400 Bäumen verbessert wurde, was auf das Potenzial der Schwachstellen-Kartierung als frühzeitige Methode zur Kanalinspektion auf Stadtebene hinweist. Drittens wurden die Tier-2-Methoden aktualisiert, indem das Potenzial der elektrischen Widerstandstomographie und der Mise-la-masse-Techniken als geoelektrische und zerstörungsfreie Methoden hervorgehoben wurde, die experimentell in einem Holzrahmen mit einer Matrix aus Sensoren und Elektroden getestet wurden. Der Versuchsbehälter besteht aus drei Schichten von Elektroden in gesättigten und ungesättigten Zonen, in denen verschiedene Leckageszenarien durchgeführt wurden, um die Sichtbarkeit von Leckagen mit diesen Methoden zu untersuchen. Trotz der Fähigkeit dieser Methoden zur Leckageerkennung wurde festgestellt, dass die elektrische Widerstandstomographie eine höhere Leckageerkennungsempfindlichkeit als die Mise à la masse hat, während sie eine geringere Flexibilität bietet, was ein wichtiger Punkt bei der Methodenauswahl ist. Darüber hinaus wurde festgestellt, dass Mise à-la-masse empfindlicher auf das Vorhandensein von Leckagen reagiert als auf Feuchtigkeits- und Temperaturschwankungen, was zu einem Pearson's r und R2 von 0,8 bzw. 0,7 im Vergleich zu den während der Leckageszenarien gesammelten Daten führte. Insgesamt schlägt diese Studie vor, dass mindestens zwei (vorzugsweise drei) Inspektionstechniken, die zu verschiedenen Ebenen gehören, eingesetzt werden sollten, um einen nachhaltigen Inspektionsplan auf Stadtebene zu haben. Der vorgeschlagene Ansatz hilft dabei, ein Gleichgewicht zwischen Kosten und Präzision sowie ein Gleichgewicht zwischen Zeit und Einwirkungsbereich herzustellen, was einen dezentralisierten und nachhaltigen Inspektionsplan ermöglicht.:List of Abbreviations .......................................................................................... IX List of Peer-Reviewed Publications on the Ph.D. Topic .................................. X List of Co-authored Peer-Reviewed Publications on the Ph.D. Topic ............ X 1 General Introduction........................................................................... 1 1.1 Background ....................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Aim and Objectives .......................................................................................... 3 1.3 Structure of the Document ............................................................................. 3 2 Towards a Decentralized Solution for Sewer Leakage Detection .............................................................................................. 8 2.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 10 2.2 Sewer inspection methods (SIMs) overview ................................................. 11 2.2.1 Tier-one (T-I) ................................................................................................................. 11 Deterioration models ....................................................................................................... 12 Hotspot mapping .............................................................................................................. 14 2.2.2 Tier-two (T-II) methods ............................................................................................... 15 Aerial thermal imaging (ATI) ............................................................................................ 15 Ground penetration radar (GPR) .................................................................................... 16 Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) ........................................................................... 17 Mise-à-la-masse method (MLM)...................................................................................... 18 Soil Sampling ..................................................................................................................... 18 2.2.3 Tier-three (T-III) methods ........................................................................................... 20 General approaches ......................................................................................................... 20 Laser scanning ................................................................................................................... 21 Visual inspection ............................................................................................................... 21 Acoustic methods ............................................................................................................. 22 Ultrasonic inspection ........................................................................................................ 24 Multi-sensor robots .......................................................................................................... 24 Electromagnetic Inspection ............................................................................................. 26 Thermography Inspection ............................................................................................... 26 Tracer Test ......................................................................................................................... 27 VII 2.3 Discussion.......................................................................................................... 30 2.4 Conclusion and outlook ................................................................................... 33 2.5 References ......................................................................................................... 34 3 Vulnerability Hotspot Mapping (VHM) of Sewer Pipes based on Deterioration Factors .................................................................... 42 3.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 43 3.2 Materials and Methods.................................................................................... 44 3.2.1 Overview of the sewer deterioration factors. .......................................................... 45 Pipe Age .............................................................................................................................. 46 Pipe Material ...................................................................................................................... 47 Sewer Type ......................................................................................................................... 48 Flow Velocity ...................................................................................................................... 48 Node Degree...................................................................................................................... 49 Surface Vegetation ............................................................................................................ 50 Criticality class and weighting matrix ............................................................................. 50 3.3 Case study ......................................................................................................... 52 3.4 Results and discussions ................................................................................... 54 3.4.1 Network assessment .................................................................................................. 54 3.4.2 Validation and sensitivity analysis ............................................................................ 56 3.5 Summary and conclusion ................................................................................ 61 3.6 Reference........................................................................................................... 63 4 Laboratory Application of the Mise-à-la-Masse (MALM) for Sewer Leakage Detection as an intermediary inspection method. ................................................................................................ 67 4.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 68 4.2 Methodology ..................................................................................................... 70 4.2.1 Mise-à-la-Masse method (MALM) .............................................................................. 70 4.2.2 Experimental setup ..................................................................................................... 70 4.2.3 Measurement principles ............................................................................................ 72 4.2.4 Assessed Scenarios ..................................................................................................... 73 4.3 Results and discussions ................................................................................... 74 VIII Inhaltsverzeichnis 4.3.1 Contour Visualization ................................................................................................. 74 First Leakage scenario ...................................................................................................... 74 Other leakage scenarios .................................................................................................. 75 4.3.2 Trend Analyses ............................................................................................................ 77 Leakage proximity ............................................................................................................. 77 Vertical Assessment .......................................................................................................... 78 4.3.3 Data Validation and Sensitivity Analyses ................................................................. 79 Data Validation .................................................................................................................. 79 Sensitivity Analyses ........................................................................................................... 80 4.3.4 Application in practice ................................................................................................ 82 4.4 Summary and Conclusion ............................................................................... 83 4.5 References ......................................................................................................... 85 5 Conclusions and Outlooks .................................................................. 88 5.1 Discussion and Conclusions ............................................................................ 88 5.2 Outlooks ............................................................................................................ 89 6 Supplementary Information ............................................................... 92 / Leaky sewer systems are present in our urbanized world and due to their hidden infrastructure and monitoring challenges, their leakages tend to remain unnoticed often at initial stages. Despite an extensive technological development in sewer inspection methods and their implemented techniques, sewer monitoring at the city scale remains costly and challenging. Therefore, a recommendation procedure and method classification are needed to have a sustainable and cost-effective sewer inspection plan at the city scale. In this context, this study can be mainly divided into three parts. First, an extensive study literature was conducted on available sewer inspection methods to have a wider understanding on their area of impacts and technicality levels, Furthermore, these inspection methods were categorized into three tiers based on their area of impact where Tier-1 consists of largest area of impact methods such as deterioration modelling, which provide a vast yet reliable understanding of the sewer system integrity. Tier-2 offers intermediatory inspection methods such as aerial thermal imagery and geo-electrical inspection techniques, which can provide a non-destructive inspection on areas suggested from Tier-1 techniques. Following the area of impact, Tier-3 methods are mostly in-pipe inspection techniques, which often demand pipe dewatering and are costly to implement in returns of a high detection precision. Second, as a contribution to Tier-1 methods, Vulnerability Hotspot Mapping was developed, which is a GIS-based model according to the most frequently used factors by deterioration models and offers areas of the sewer system more prone to leakage. The validation and sensitivity analyses revealed that flow velocity, pipe age, and surface vegetation are the most sensible factors to the model respectively. Furthermore, the linear model resulted in 76% of efficiency and mean squared error of 0,918 while it was improved with random forest algorithm with 400 trees, which points out the vulnerability mapping potential as an early sewer inspection method at the city scale. Third, Tier-2 methods were updated by emphasizing on the potential of Electrical Resistivity Tomography and Mise à-la-masse techniques as geo-electrical and non-destructive methods, which were experimentally tested within a wooden frame with a matrix of sensors and electrodes implemented. The experimental tank consists of three layers of electrodes in saturated and unsaturated zones, when various leakage scenarios were conducted to investigate on leakage visibility by these methods. Despite the capability of these methods for leakage detection, it was assessed that Electrical Resistivity Tomography has higher leakage detection sensibility than Mise à-la-masse while offering less mobility, which is a considerable point in method selection process. Moreover, it was observed that Mise à-la-masse is more sensitive to leakage presence rather than humidity and temperature variations and resulted in 0.8 and 0.7 in Pearson’s r and R2 respectively in comparison to sampled data during the leakage scenarios. All over, this study suggests that at least two (preferably 3) inspection techniques belonging to different tiers should be implemented to have a sustainable inspection plan at the city scale. The proposed approach helps to have a balance between cost and precision as well as an equilibrium between time and area of impact, which provides a decentralized and sustainable inspection plan.:List of Abbreviations .......................................................................................... IX List of Peer-Reviewed Publications on the Ph.D. Topic .................................. X List of Co-authored Peer-Reviewed Publications on the Ph.D. Topic ............ X 1 General Introduction........................................................................... 1 1.1 Background ....................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Aim and Objectives .......................................................................................... 3 1.3 Structure of the Document ............................................................................. 3 2 Towards a Decentralized Solution for Sewer Leakage Detection .............................................................................................. 8 2.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 10 2.2 Sewer inspection methods (SIMs) overview ................................................. 11 2.2.1 Tier-one (T-I) ................................................................................................................. 11 Deterioration models ....................................................................................................... 12 Hotspot mapping .............................................................................................................. 14 2.2.2 Tier-two (T-II) methods ............................................................................................... 15 Aerial thermal imaging (ATI) ............................................................................................ 15 Ground penetration radar (GPR) .................................................................................... 16 Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) ........................................................................... 17 Mise-à-la-masse method (MLM)...................................................................................... 18 Soil Sampling ..................................................................................................................... 18 2.2.3 Tier-three (T-III) methods ........................................................................................... 20 General approaches ......................................................................................................... 20 Laser scanning ................................................................................................................... 21 Visual inspection ............................................................................................................... 21 Acoustic methods ............................................................................................................. 22 Ultrasonic inspection ........................................................................................................ 24 Multi-sensor robots .......................................................................................................... 24 Electromagnetic Inspection ............................................................................................. 26 Thermography Inspection ............................................................................................... 26 Tracer Test ......................................................................................................................... 27 VII 2.3 Discussion.......................................................................................................... 30 2.4 Conclusion and outlook ................................................................................... 33 2.5 References ......................................................................................................... 34 3 Vulnerability Hotspot Mapping (VHM) of Sewer Pipes based on Deterioration Factors .................................................................... 42 3.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 43 3.2 Materials and Methods.................................................................................... 44 3.2.1 Overview of the sewer deterioration factors. .......................................................... 45 Pipe Age .............................................................................................................................. 46 Pipe Material ...................................................................................................................... 47 Sewer Type ......................................................................................................................... 48 Flow Velocity ...................................................................................................................... 48 Node Degree...................................................................................................................... 49 Surface Vegetation ............................................................................................................ 50 Criticality class and weighting matrix ............................................................................. 50 3.3 Case study ......................................................................................................... 52 3.4 Results and discussions ................................................................................... 54 3.4.1 Network assessment .................................................................................................. 54 3.4.2 Validation and sensitivity analysis ............................................................................ 56 3.5 Summary and conclusion ................................................................................ 61 3.6 Reference........................................................................................................... 63 4 Laboratory Application of the Mise-à-la-Masse (MALM) for Sewer Leakage Detection as an intermediary inspection method. ................................................................................................ 67 4.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 68 4.2 Methodology ..................................................................................................... 70 4.2.1 Mise-à-la-Masse method (MALM) .............................................................................. 70 4.2.2 Experimental setup ..................................................................................................... 70 4.2.3 Measurement principles ............................................................................................ 72 4.2.4 Assessed Scenarios ..................................................................................................... 73 4.3 Results and discussions ................................................................................... 74 VIII Inhaltsverzeichnis 4.3.1 Contour Visualization ................................................................................................. 74 First Leakage scenario ...................................................................................................... 74 Other leakage scenarios .................................................................................................. 75 4.3.2 Trend Analyses ............................................................................................................ 77 Leakage proximity ............................................................................................................. 77 Vertical Assessment .......................................................................................................... 78 4.3.3 Data Validation and Sensitivity Analyses ................................................................. 79 Data Validation .................................................................................................................. 79 Sensitivity Analyses ........................................................................................................... 80 4.3.4 Application in practice ................................................................................................ 82 4.4 Summary and Conclusion ............................................................................... 83 4.5 References ......................................................................................................... 85 5 Conclusions and Outlooks .................................................................. 88 5.1 Discussion and Conclusions ............................................................................ 88 5.2 Outlooks ............................................................................................................ 89 6 Supplementary Information ............................................................... 92

ABSTRACT This thesis deals with the development of silicate based reverse grouts for the purpose of rehabilitation of sewers. The work also examines the possibility of substitution of basic input raw materials with secondary raw materials, meaning replacements of both filler components and binder components. As secondary raw materials, we refer to wastes from the production process which, after the necessary treatment, are used in another production. The development and experimental verification of the functionality of the developed grout was focused mainly on the use of secondary raw materials as much as possible, while maintaining or even improving its physical and mechanical properties. Based on the results of the work, it can be stated that with a 100% replacement rate of filler components in combination with 20% replacement rate of binder components, it is possible to largely maintain the properties of the material, or even optimize them. The results of the thesis also point to the possibility of reducing the economic and environmental demands of production of building materials.

This work deals with the use of 3D mathematical models of fluid in water management practice. Using 3D mathematical model was assessed retention tank Jeneweinova, which is situated on a sewer network of the city of Brno and is an important object of urban drainage. Retention basin designed to keep overflow from CSO chambers to Svratka and Svitavský náhon during storm events. Retention tank Jeneweinova is suitable for the assessment, because tank was designed bassed the Master Plan drainage of Brno using 1D mathematical model. Another factor was the physical model, which was build in LVV Vin FAST BUT. And finally, near the retention tank will be installed measurement on the sewerage network, which will be able to verify the results whitch has been predicted in this work. Mathematical model of retention tanks Jeneweinova was build in software FLOW-3D. FLOW-3D is a general purpose CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) software for flow of fluid in steady and unsteady mode and uses computational techniques to solve the equations of motion of fluids. This software is mainly used for the calculation of hydraulic fluids, gas flow and heat transfer simulations. Results from 3D mathematical model has been compared with the values in the physical and 1D mathematical model.