Orientador: Alexandre Nunes Ponezi / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T07:25:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Torres_DaniladeLeoneFrancaeFreitas_M.pdf: 2036503 bytes, checksum: 068ab775d9c675592e34d0bfdd2ca1e9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: O uso de efluente tratado na agricultura irrigada constitui uma alternativa adequada para a preservação de mananciais, além de ser uma importante fonte de nutrientes. No entanto, os riscos de toxicidade devem ser avaliados. Testes ecotoxicológicos apresentam-se como uma ferramenta apropriada, devido à sensibilidade dos organismos e sua ampla aceitação por órgãos governamentais e científicos. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a toxicidade aguda na fotobactéria marinha Vibrio fischeri e no microcrustáceo Daphnia similis (CE50) e do potencial citotóxico, genotóxico e mutagênico em Allium cepa (cebola) de um efluente sanitário tratado usado para irrigação. Os ensaios foram realizados no efluente bruto e nos tratados utilizados para irrigação: anaeróbio e pos-tratamento anaeróbio (nitrificado). Os resultados evidenciaram que o efluente bruto, apresentou uma maior variação dos valores de CE50 para ambos os organismos. O efluente anaeróbio apresentou um efeito tóxico agudo maior para V. fischeri que para D. similis. Já o nitrificado (pos-tratamento anaeróbio) apresentou uma toxicidade aguda menor para ambos os organismos testados. Na avaliação das aberrações cromossômicas em A. cepa, os efluentes tratados apresentaram uma redução do potencial citotóxico (p<0,05) em relação ao efluente bruto. Pode-se concluir que os testes escolhidos foram adequados para o monitoramento do efluente. Recomenda-se que o uso de efluente tratado na agricultura seja realizado de forma regrada, atentando para os padrões de Boas Práticas Agrícolas (GAP) e de toxicidade. Além disso, em escala real é necessário um estudo de monitoramento periódico que avalie impactos a longo prazo, incluindo testes de toxicidade crônica / Abstract: The use of the treated effluent in agriculture has proven to be an important alternative, since its preservation of water and its potential as source of nutrients, with low potential for negative impact on the environment. However, toxicity remains an important issue. Ecotoxicological tests are appropriate tools to evaluate the toxicity of effluents. The aim of this study was to evaluate acute toxicity on marine bacteria Vibrio fischeri, on micro crustacean Daphnia similis (EC50) and on Allium cepa (onion) (assessment of cytotoxic, mutagenic and genotoxic potencial) in treated sanitary effluent used for irrigation. We tested the raw effluent, and in its treatments, used for irrigation: anaerobic and anaerobic posttreatment (nitrified). Our results showed that the raw effluent had a greater variation of EC50 for both organisms, due to an intrinsic variability of its composition. The anaerobic effluent had a greater acute toxic effect on V. fischeri than for D. similis. Yet, the nitrified (anaerobic post-treatment stage) showed a lower toxicity for both tested organisms. We found a reduction in the citotoxical potential in A. cepa as compared to the raw efluente. We concluded that the tests chosen were adequate for monitoring the effluent since the organisms showed adequate sensitivity. It is therefore suggested that the use of treated wastewater in agriculture should be standardized, noting Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) and toxicity stardards. Furthermore for larger scale assumption it is necessary a periodic monitoring study to assess long term impacts, including chronic toxicity tests / Mestrado / Saneamento e Ambiente / Mestra em Engenharia Civil

Acoustical characteristics are used to classify the structural and operational conditions in underground pipes with advanced signal classification methods.

yes / A computational network heat transfer model was utilised to model the potential of heat energy recovery at multiple locations from a city scale combined sewer network. The uniqueness of this network model lies in its whole system validation and implementation for seasonal scenarios in a large sewer network. The network model was developed, on the basis of a previous single pipe heat transfer model, to make it suitable for application in large sewer networks and its performance was validated in this study by predicting the wastewater temperature variation in a sewer network. Since heat energy recovery in sewers may impact negatively on wastewater treatment processes, the viability of large scale heat recovery across a network was assessed by examining the distribution of the wastewater temperatures throughout the network and the wastewater temperature at the wastewater treatment plant inlet. The network heat transfer model was applied to a sewer network with around 3000 pipes and a population equivalent of 79500. Three scenarios; winter, spring and summer were modelled to reflect seasonal variations. The model was run on an hourly basis during dry weather. The modelling results indicated that potential heat energy recovery of around 116, 160 & 207 MWh/day may be obtained in January, March and May respectively, without causing wastewater temperature either in the network or at the inlet of the wastewater treatment plant to reach a level that was unacceptable to the water utility.

Sewer flooding incidents in the UK are being increasingly associated with the presence of blockages. Blockages are difficult to deal with as although there are locations where they are more likely to occur, they do occur intermittently. In order to manage sewer blockage pro-actively sewer managers need to be able to identify the location of blockages promptly. Traditional CCTV inspection technologies are slow and relatively expensive so are not well suited to the rapid inspection of a network. This is needed if managers are to be able to address sewer blockages pro-actively. This thesis reports on the development of low-cost, rapidly deployable acoustic base sensor that will be able to survey live sewer pipes. The sensor emits short coded acoustic signals which are reflected from any defects of the wall of the underground pipes and recorded for future processing. The processing algorithms are based on the temporal windowing, deconvolution, Fourier, and intensity analysis so that the response can be linked directly to the location and property of the of the pipe deformation. The sensor was tested in a full scale sewer pipe in the laboratory and in few sites in UK, Austria and Netherlands and it was shown that it is able to discriminate between blockages and structural aspects of a sewer pipe such as a manhole and lateral connection. The anticipated cost is orders of magnitude lower than any current technique.

This thesis is concerned with the development and study of a pattern recognition system for siphon and sewer condition/defect analysis based on acoustic characteristics. Pattern recognition has been studied and used widely in many fields including: identification and authentication; medical diagnosis and musical modelling. Audio based classification and research has been mainly focusing on speech recognition and music retrieval, but few applications have attempted to use acoustic characteristics for underground pipe condition classification. Traditional CCTV inspection methods are relatively expensive and subjective so remote techniques have been developed to overcome this concern and increase the inspection efficiency. The acoustic environment provides a rich source of information about the internal conditions of a pipe. This thesis reports on a classification system based on measuring the direct and reflected acoustic signals and describing the energy spectrum for each condition/pipe defect. A K-nearest neighbour classifier (KNN) and Support vector machines (SVMs) classifier have been adopted to train the classification system to identify sediment and pipe surface defects by comparing the measured acoustic signals with a database containing a range of typical conditions. Laboratory generated data and field collected data were used to train the proposed system and evaluate its ability. The overall accuracy of the system recognizing blockage and structural aspects in each of the series of experiments varies between 70% and 95%.

No description available.

Three rain events were sampled from a storm drain at Manassas Mall in Manassas, Virginia. The urban runoff samples obtained were placed into lab-scale Plexiglas~ settling columns to monitor removal of total hydrocarbons (THC) by extended quiescent settling. Samples were collected from the columns at specific depths and times over the 48-hour settling period. The samples were analyzed for total hydrocarbon content on a Horiba oil content analyzer. Hydrocarbon values were averaged at each column depth in order to construct average THC concentration and average THC percent removal profiles over settling time. Maximum average THC removals were 77.8%,32.5%, and 73.6%, respectively, for Storms #1, 2, and 3 after 48 hours of quiescent settling. These average removals corresponded to depths of -2 feet, -1 foot, and -3 feet in the 5-foot tall columns. According to traditional sedimentation theory, pollutants settle out of water to the bottom of the container of interest. This did not appear to be solely the case in this hydrocarbon sedimentation study. It appeared that sedimentation was not the sole removal mechanism at work. Some fractions of oil and grease seemed to reorganize into low-density sub-groups and float to upper regions of the column. Also, the majority of THe removal occurred within the first 18 hours of settling for two of the three storms sampled. / Master of Science

A Statistical formulation for estimating the average time of detention within a pond for a captured runoff volume is presented. It is assumed that mixing takes place during an event and that settling occurs over the period required to empty the captured volume or the time between successive events, whichever is smaller. This analytical detention time is used in conjunction with a pollutant settling efficiency-detention time curve to estimate the settling efficiency. This curve is generated from Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) simulations and shown to be independent of runoff statistics, pond configuration, and arbitrary but constant influent concentration under complete mixing. The analytical detention time estimate, in combination with the settling efficiency curve and an expression for the capture efficiency of the pond provides a valuable desktop method for the planning level design of detention basins for pollutant removal. The method performs quite well when compared to the results obtained from long-term SWMM simulation runs. / Master of Science

Thesis (MScEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: There is a general lack of published research on sewage pump station problems and the removal of solids in South African sanitary sewers. Research was undertaken to investigate the problems at sewage pump stations by means of site visits, interviews, literature reviews and laboratory experiments. An in-depth literature study is presented on sewage pump stations, pump station problems and solids in sewers. The problems at sewage pump stations were categorised into identifiable groups with possible generalised solutions. The site visits and literature review indicated a specific lack of knowledge regarding screening baskets used to remove solids at sewage pumping stations. This led to the experimental testing of a screening basket on full scale in a controlled environment to develop an efficiency index for screening baskets. The efficiency index was determined using fuzzy logic methodology with predetermined solids load, basket height above the sump level and solids retention time. The fuzzy logic proved that the basket is best operated halfway submerged, after one hour retention time and with degradable solids in the system. The literature compiled and problems identified in this study were used as the backbone for the development of a conceptual Decision Support Tool (DST) for sewage pump stations. The DST is aimed at requiring limited inputs and providing maximum knowledge output and is presented as a software tool in MS Excel format. The functionality was added by applying visual basic applications in MS Excel user forms. The idea of developing a DST is to assist designers, sewage service providers and operators with understanding the various components and for problem identification pertaining to sewage pump stations in the future. The DST is relatively self-explanatory with a user friendly visual interface that is easy to operate. This study sets the scene for further research into efficiency indices pertaining to different components of sewage pump stations and their application in comprehensive sewage pump decision support tools. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Daar is 'n algemene gebrek aan gepubliseerde navorsing oor probleme met rioolpompstasies en die verwydering van ongewenste voorwerpe in Suid-Afrikaanse sanitêre rioolsisteme. Navorsing is gedoen om die probleme by rioolpompstasies te ondersoek deur middel van terreinbesoeke, onderhoude, literatuurstudie en eksperimente in „n laboratorium. 'n Omvattende literatuurstudie is op rioolpompstasies, probleme by pompstasies en ongewenste voorwerpe in rioolnetwerke gedoen. Die probleme by rioolpompstasies is verdeel in identifiseerbare groepe met moontlike oplossings. Die terreinbesoeke en literatuuroorsig het 'n spesifieke gebrek aan kennis met betrekking tot skermmandjies, wat gebruik word om ongewenste voorwerpe by rioolpompstasies te verwyder, aangedui. Dit het gelei tot die eksperimentele toetsing van 'n skermmandjie deur die volskaalse opstelling in 'n beheerde omgewing om 'n doeltreffendheidsindeks vir skermmandjies in die praktyk te ontwikkel. Die doeltreffendheidsindeks is bepaal deur gebruik te maak van “fuzzy logic” metodologie met voorafbepaalde insette naamlik, die mandjie se hoogte bo die watervlak, soort ongewenste voorwerpe en die tyd wat die voorwerpe aan water blootgestel is. Die “fuzzy logic” bewys dat die mandjie die beste werking toon, halfpad onder die water, na „n een uur van blootstelling aan water en met degradeerbare voorwerpe in die stelsel. Die literatuur wat saamgestel is en probleme wat in hierdie studie geïdentifiseer is, is gebruik as die inhoud vir die konseptuele “Decision Support Program” (DST) vir rioolpompstasies. Die DST het ten doel om met beperkte insette die maksimum kennis te verskaf en word aangebied as 'n sagteware instrument in MS Excel formaat. Die funksionaliteit is bygevoeg deur die toepassing van die “visual basic applications” in MS Excel gebruikersvorms. Die doel van die ontwikkeling van 'n DST is om ontwerpers, riooldiensverskaffers en operateurs te help om die verskillende funksies en probleem-identifikasie met betrekking tot rioolpompstasies te begryp. Die DST is relatief selfverduidelikend met 'n gebruikers vriendelike visuele koppelvlak wat maklik is om te bedryf. Hierdie studie bied die basis vir verdere ondersoek na die doeltreffendheidsindekse met betrekking tot die verskillende komponente van rioolpompstasies en die toepassing daarvan in omvattende rioolpomp “DSTs”.

Amostras de biofilme de biomassa suspensa de tanque de aeração de lodo ativado, de córrego contaminado com esgoto e de vários pontos de planta de tratamento de água foram analisadas com relação à presença de bactérias indicadoras e patogênicas. Nos testes presuntivos foram detectados todos os microrganismos-alvo (Coliformes, Salmonella spp, Klebsiella spp., Staphylococcus spp., Pseudomonas spp., Enterococcus spp., Vibrio spp., Clostridium spp., Shigella spp., Aeromonas spp., Campylobacter spp. e Legionella spp.), porém nos testes confirmatórios por PCR e teste bioquímico somente as espécies E. coli, Salmonella enterica subsp. Enterica serovar Typhi, K. pneumoniae, V. cholerae, A. hydrophila, e L. pneumophila foram confirmadas para algumas cepas selecionadas dos testes presuntivos. S. flexneri foi somente confirmada por teste bioquímico e S. aureus somente por PCR. Nenhuma amostra de C. jejuni foi confirmada por nenhum dos testes. Estes resultados demonstram que os meios seletivos para testes presumptivos não se mostraram confiáveis uma vez que muitas amostras presuntivas não foram confirmadas por PCR ou teste bioquímico específico. Estes resultados demonstram o potencial de biofilmes como reservatório de patógenos. / Biofilm samples from activated sludge reactors, surfaces from water treatment plants and water samples from a creek contaminated with raw sewage were analyzed for the presence of microbial indicator bacteria and pathogens. All target organisms (Coliforms, Salmonella spp, Klebsiella spp., Staphylococcus spp., Pseudomonas spp., Enterococcus spp., Vibrio spp., Clostridium spp., Shigella spp., Aeromonas spp., Campylobacter spp. and Legionella spp.) were detected by using presumptive testing media. Only a small proportion of positive colonies from presumptive tests were confirmed as pathogenic strains of E. coli, Salmonella enterica subsp. Enterica serovar Typhi, K. pneumoniae, V. cholerae, A. hydrophila, and L. pneumophila in confirmatory testing by selective PCR and biochemical tests. S. flexneri was only confirmed in biochemical tests, S. aureus only by PCR and no colony of C. jejuni was confirmed positive by either PCR or biochemical testing. Presumptive media are therefore not safe means for assessing pathogen load in biofilm samples. These results demonstrate the importance of microbial biofilms as reservoirs for microbial pathogens.