No description available.

No description available.

Organizations today place great emphasis on the selection of their managerial and supervisory personnel. Consequently, the need to develop strong predictors of leadership for use in selection tests is immense. Theoretically and historically, intelligence, dominance, masculinity-femininity, and self-monitoring have been strong indicators of leadership. Accordingly, biographical questionnaires and personality inventories were administered to 1137 Air Force officers attending Squadron Officer School to determine their levels of intelligence, dominance, femininity, and self-monitoring. These traits and individual difference variables were then used in a discriminant analysis to predict the subject's classification into one of four leadership categories. Analyses showed differences between leaders and nonleaders for intelligence, dominance, and femininity, but not for self-monitoring. However, a discriminant analysis and associated cross validation resulted in no predictive capability. A possible reason for the lack of classification capability was the uniqueness of the military sample. Since military individuals seem to share very common experiences and beliefs, the sample appeared to be quite homogeneous making differences between leaders and nonleaders extremely difficult to detect. Future studies should address this potential problem / Ph. D.

Findings of higher incidence of depression among females have spurred research examining differences in the etiology and maintenance of male and female depression. A variety of differences have been identified including behavioral, cognitive, and environmental responses. Recently, increasing attention has been directed toward the importance of social interactional factors in depression. However, this research has been contradictory and inconclusive. The purposes of the current investigation were to further explore social interactional factors using face-to-face interactions between depressed and nondepressed individuals and to explore the applicability of a social interactional model to observed differences in male and female depression. Depressed and nondepressed subjects were assigned to interact with same or opposite sex partners. The twenty minute interactions were videotaped and scored by a behavioral coding system. Subjects completed questionnaires concerning perceptions of their partner and the interaction. Results indicated that depressed and nondepressed subjects behaved similarly during the interactions. However, depression was associated with fewer initiations and more somatic complaints. Depressed subjects reported improved mood following interactions. No differences were found between males' and females' self-report of depression. However, males reported greater negative affect before and after interactions. Partner impressions differed based upon group placement. Females interacting with females were viewed most positively while males interacting with males were viewed most negatively. Sex, and not depression status, appeared to account for these differences. Implications are discussed in terms of support for behavioral and cognitive theories and alterations of the social interactional model. / M.S.

Thesis (doctoral)--Universiteit van Amsterdam, 1992. / Title also in Dutch on half-title: Wij en zij. Abstract in Dutch. Includes bibliographical references (p. [169]-177).

No description available.

M.A. / The aim of this study was to generate hypotheses concerning personality functioning of androgynous individuals, and more specifically within the context of marital relationships. Ideally, a holistic view of a person in his/her unique life situation should be taken into account in scientific research. In order to limit this study only two personality concepts were studied, self concept and locus of control. it must be kept in mind , however that there is an ecological interaction between many more and unknown factors and granting that it is artificial to isolate only two factors from encompassing whole.

This study was conducted to examine the experience of unwanted sexual aggression from both the male and female perspectives. Questionnaires were distributed to 325 students, and of these, 142 wrote free-response narratives describing their most sexually aggressive experience. Two raters scored and analyzed the narratives on the basis of 19 categories for male responses and 16 categories for female responses. Differences between the male and female perception of the experience of unwanted sexual aggression were found on several categories. The results of this study suggest that date rape awareness and prevention programs should emphasize the point that dating and sexual encounters can easily be fraught with miscommunication and misinterpretation, and encourage clearer communication and better understanding.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether sex differences could be observed in computer use among preschool disadvantaged children. Each of the twenty-two three- and four-year-old children were administered the Bardwell- Sietsema Sex Stereotype Scale to obtain a measure of sex role identification. Subject's choice of a pre-programming or academic-oriented software program as well as actual time at the computer were also carefully recorded over a five week period. Data supports the following: there does not appear to be a relationship between sex role stereotyping and computer use among three and four year old disadvantaged children, stereotypical sex role identification exists between three and four year old disadvantaged children, the amount of time spent at the computer during free choice periods does not differ between boys and girls, and there is no difference between boys and girls in terms of choice of academic or pre-programming software.

The study was designed to determine the effects of psychological sex-role on pre-performance anxiety in masculine (rugby), feminine (balance beam), and neutral (badminton) sex-typed motor activities. Instruments used to gather data included the Personal Attributes Questionnaire, the Sport Competition Anxiety Test, and the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2. Twenty-six masculine, 24 feminine, and 27 androgynous males and females were submitted to a three-phase training session for each sport skill. At the conclusion of each session, prior to performing the skill in front of a panel of judges (confederates of the experimenter), subjects were administered the self-report state anxiety (A-state) inventory. Data were analyzed by a 2 x 3 x 3 design. Conclusions were that individuals classified as feminine reported more feelings of A-state prior to performance than individuals classified as masculine or androgynous. Furthermore, the performer's biological sex affected anxiety levels, depending upon perceptions concerning the sex-appropriateness of the activity.