The energy service industry is a newly emerging industry in Taiwan, where related regulations and measures are still at an immature stage. The business operation models include being a motivator in regard to energy conservation, becoming an ESCO, or developing strategies covering both areas. The implementation will help present energy users to break through existing bottlenecks involving: funds, manpower, technology, and recycling term; change the environment where the Government is currently the main motivator; and attract private companies to participate in energy saving and carbon reduction. First, topics for in-depth interviews were established in order to obtain a better understanding of the operational environment of ESCOs in Taiwan, including any obstructions encountered during the development of the ESCO industry. Second, in-depth interviews were carried out with selected ESCOs via explorative research and quantitative methods. The interview data were analyzed and discussed. The following results were obtained regarding the domestic ESCO industry: 1. The status of current development and business opportunities is promising. 2. Factors affecting current development include the lack of regulations, subsidizing plans, third party authentication, energy-saving technologies, and financing solutions. 3. The financing difficulties include: insufficient collateral, sound financial reports, or banks¡¦ understanding of the ESCO industry. 4. The key success factors for the domestic ESCOs to enter the global ESCO market include: the accuracy of the energy-saving reports and income estimates, provision of integrated energy-saving technologies, and utilization of the small and medium business credit guarantee funds and loans. 5. Business models that best suit the development of domestic ESCOs include: sharing energy, performance guarantees, and equipment lease.

Commercial mobile communication systems are mainly based on licensed frequency spectrum, and the license is very expensive as the spectrum is a sparse wireless resource. Therefore, sharing this wireless resource is an essential requirement not only at the present but also in the future considering trends like connectivity for everybody and everything. In this thesis, we study the sharing of wireless resources with different approaches for realizing fair, efficient, and predictable sharing solutions in a controlled manner. The efficient use of wireless channel resources is an important target to reduce the costs of network operation and deployment. To achieve this, we need practical scheduling algorithms for wireless resources, out of which several of them will be presented and analyzed in this work. Different optimization frameworks for the spectral efficiency utility are presented, with an individual focus on guaranteeing resource or rate fairness among the operators in a network with shared radio resources. Thus, the presented proposals will help the mobile network operators to overcome the issues of losing network control and traceability of used wireless resources in a shared environment. Besides this, emerging vertical industries, such as automotive, healthcare, industry 4.0, internet of things (IoT) industries will put a certain burden on the wireless networks asking for guaranteed service level requirement from the mobile network operators. In this regard, this thesis provides the necessary methods addressing these challenges with the help of scheduling methods which are based on the joint optimization of spectral and energy efficiency. Thus, wireless networks will be enabled as a service function in a controlled and scalable way for new emerging markets. Furthermore, the presented solutions t well with the requirements of fifth generation (5G) network slicing.