published_or_final_version / Applied Geosciences / Master / Master of Science

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Australian National University, 1976. / Typescript. Bibliography: leaves [186]-[191]

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hong Kong, 2010. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 497-523). Also available in print.

published_or_final_version / Housing Management / Master / Master of Housing Management

published_or_final_version / Geography / Master / Master of Philosophy

Under the circumstances of rapid industrialization and urbanization, China has been undergoing a series of remarkable changes in the social, economic, and family structures. Meanwhile, the great majority of Chinese families are officially allowed to have only one child in China since the introduction of the OCFP in the late 1970s. But what is happening as China becomes more developed and children are much more valued? Are Chinese children well protected from intra- and extra-familial violence? This study focused on the topic of bullying victimization, and was devised to explore the scope and the magnitude of child’s being bullied in China. Besides, this study adopted the ecological model to examine the multiple-contextual risk factors of bullying victimization, and to test the applicability of this model in the Chinese socio-cultural context. This study also paid special attention to investigate the unique role of children’s experiences of family violence in relation with bullying victimization. The present study used a subsample of the cross-sectional data from a representative population project in five cities of the Mainland China. The researcher actively participated in the whole process of the project, including being involved in the original methodology design and setting up of research questions. This dataset used a three-stage stratified random sampling design and included a total of 3175 students aged 15-17 years randomly selected from 24 schools in 3 districts (from both urban and rural areas) in Xi’an, China. Self-administrated questionnaires were employed to collect data. The Juvenile Victimization Questionnaire (JVQ) and Relational Aggression Scale were used as measures for bullying victimization. Family violence experiences include child abuse and witnessing spouse violence in this study. Results showed that 54.9% and 44.6% of Chinese children have been bullied in a lifetime and in the preceding-year, respectively, and cyber bullying victimization was more extensively common and frequently experienced by children. Meanwhile, the considerable overlap found between FV and bullying victimization indicated that a vast majority of children who were bullied by peers are also victims of child abuse or exposure to parental partner violence at home. Significant gender differences were observed both in FV and bullying victimization. Specifically, females were more likely to be indirect victims of FV, whereas males were more likely to be directly involved in child abuse and in all three subtypes of bullying victimization. By performing a series of logistic regressions, the current study identified a number of correlates significantly associated with child bullying victimization, which included demographics (e.g., young age, male participant, parents’ education level were From 3 or below, having one or more siblings, were from families with divorced or separated parents, had an unemployed father at home, whose family had no income, from rural schools, not from key schools), children’s personal characteristics (i.e., smoking, gambling, alcohol abuse, low self-esteem, depression, APT, BPT, PTSD, and insecure attachment with parents), school-related factors (i.e., school type and school location), as well as FV experiences. Follow-up structured multiphase regression analyses further delineate the unique role of FV in association with the three types of bullying victimization by controlling for socio-demographics, individual characteristics and school variables. The theoretical and research contributions and practical implications of the present research were discussed, along with limitations and recommendations for future research. / published_or_final_version / Social Work and Social Administration / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

Studies on urban modernization in early twentieth century South China usually attribute the development of rural areas to the effort of government and some returned overseas Chinese. In Wuyi, a region in Guangdong Province, South China, traditional clanship which dominated the rural society has usually been considered as a factor slowing down their urban modernization. However, most of the modernized rural markets were in fact developed by the local clan organizations. This thesis attempts to investigate the neglected role of these clan organizations in the process of urban modernization. Focusing on the rural market townscape in Wuyi during the Republican era (1912-1949), this thesis aims at answering two questions: (1) what was the urban morphology of Wuyi market towns in terms of their geographical distribution, market form, building fabric, and architectural form; and (2) how was the form of urban modernization in these towns influenced by civilian power of extended kinship? Answering the questions, this research presents a morphological analysis by mapping the rural markets based on extensive fieldworks in the region, and explores various models to understand the relationship between market form and social forces. The mapping starts from the market distribution in Duanfen, a town in Wuyi. By looking into the changes of “marketing areas” where new markets would emerge in the town from time to time, the changes in power among the clans are identified. It is shown that the geographical distribution of the markets could reflect the process of inter-clan competition. It is also discovered that the agglomeration process of neighbouring markets would result in different modes of twin-markets in Wuyi. During the Qing Dynasty, many local clans complained to the government that the new markets were founded too close to their original ones, thereby forcing those new markets to be relocated farther away. However, during the Republican period when free inter-market competition was allowed, more abutting twin-markets emerged as a new mode. In these twin-markets, the clanship buildings were imparted with symbolic meaning which proclaimed the territories and powers of competing clans. The morphological study on the thirty-eight market cases in Wuyi illustrates two different sets of market characteristics. Most of the central-square markets, especially those regular ones, were developed dominantly by a single clan. In contrast, markets founded without the domination by a single clan tended to have irregular linear-street forms without any central square. The study on the architectural forms in Wuyi identifies different shophouse styles developed during different periods of time. It is evident that the development of the two styles were closely related to the market form of the original regular fabric, as compared to the later irregular alterations. This research concludes that the clan organizations acted as a form of intermediate agents between the government and individual civilians, and facilitated the increase in the number of rural markets in Wuyi during the Republican era. In many aspects, the morphology of market townscape reflected the unique society in the Republican South China where traditional clanship and quasi-modern capitalism were merged. / published_or_final_version / Architecture / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

published_or_final_version / Asian Studies / Master / Master of Philosophy

Typescript. / Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1978. / Bibliography: leaves [216]-224. / Microfiche. / iv, 224 leaves

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington. / Bibliography: l. [119]-129.