O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar diferentes rotas de fabricação de um componente automotivo e avaliar quais destas rotas permitiriam o atendimento dos requisitos técnicos com possibilidade de redução dos custos de fabricação. Os fabricantes de autopeças estão inseridos em um mercado de alto risco e elevada competitividade, assim, estes fabricantes, arcam com diversos custos para atendimento de requisitos, em alguns casos exigentes em demasia e desnecessários, por parte do cliente. O foco de componentes automotivos deve se basear em requisitos de natureza mecânica, como resistência a tração, resistência ao impacto, resistência a fadiga, etc. O desempenho mecânico de um componente depende do seu processo de fabricação e da matéria-prima utilizada, sendo estes os dois fatores de maior importância e representatividade no custo de fabricação de um componente. O processo de fabricação de um componente mecânico específico foi simulado fisicamente com duas matérias primas alternativas disponíveis no fabricante e com dois tratamentos térmicos distintos, além da utilização de shot peening no final do processo, gerando 8 diferentes rotas de fabricação Foram avaliados os aços SAE 1045H e DIN 38MnVS6 como opções de matéria-prima alternativa, além dos tratamentos térmicos de têmpera e revenimento e resfriamento em esteira. Foram realizadas análises de composição química e microestrutural para cada aço e tratamento térmico, além de avaliação de dureza, resistência a tração, resistência ao impacto, análise de tensões residuais e desempenho em fadiga. Os requisitos de dureza e resistência mecânica foram satisfatórios para todas as condições, exceto para o SAE 1045H com resfriamento em esteira. O desempenho em fadiga dos materiais sem shot peening não foram satisfatórios, apenas para o DIN 38MnVS6 com resfriamento em esteira apresentou desempenho próximo ao esperado, sendo todas rotas de fabricação sem shot peening reprovadas. Para os materiais com shot peening, apenas o SAE 1045H apresentou resultado insatisfatório, os demais materiais atenderam a especificação de fadiga. Pôde ser observada a influência das tensões residuais superficiais compressivas no desempenho em fadiga do componente, além disto, foi verificado a possibilidade de produzir o componente em três diferentes rotas de produção, podendo gerar uma redução de custo de até 12%. / The aim of this work was to study different manufacturing routes of an automotive component and, meantime, evaluate which of these routes would allow the fulfillment of technical requirements with the possibility of reducing manufacturing costs. Auto parts manufacturers are placed in a high-risk and highly competitive market, in addition to shouldering costs to meet requirements in some demanding and, sometimes, unnecessary cases by the customer. The focus of automotive components should be based on requirements of a mechanical nature, such as tensile strength, impact resistance, fatigue resistance, etc . The mechanical performance of a component depends on the manufacturing process and raw material used, these being the two most important factors in the representation and manufacturing cost of a component. The manufacturing process of a particular mechanical component was physically simulated with two alternative materials, both available from the manufacturer with two different heat treatments, in addition to the use of shot peening by the end of the process, generating eight different manufacturing routes. Were evaluated the SAE 1045H steel and DIN 38MnVS6 as an alternative raw material, in addition to heat treatment of quenching and tempering, the current process, and forced air cooling Chemical and microstructural analysis of each steel composition and heat treatment were performed, in addition to evaluation of hardness, tensile strength, impact resistance, analysis of residual stresses and fatigue performance. The requirements of mechanical properties were satisfactory for all conditions except for the SAE 1045H air-cooled. The fatigue performance of materials without shot peening were not satisfactory, only for DIN 38MnVS6 air cooled the performance was close to the specification, so all manufacturing routes without shot peening were disapproved. For materials with shot peening, only the SAE 1045H presented non-satisfactory result, other materials attended fatigue specification. It was observed the influence of surface compressive residual stresses in the component fatigue performance, furthermore, it was verified the possibility of producing the component three different routes, allowing a cost reduction up to 12%.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar diferentes rotas de fabricação de um componente automotivo e avaliar quais destas rotas permitiriam o atendimento dos requisitos técnicos com possibilidade de redução dos custos de fabricação. Os fabricantes de autopeças estão inseridos em um mercado de alto risco e elevada competitividade, assim, estes fabricantes, arcam com diversos custos para atendimento de requisitos, em alguns casos exigentes em demasia e desnecessários, por parte do cliente. O foco de componentes automotivos deve se basear em requisitos de natureza mecânica, como resistência a tração, resistência ao impacto, resistência a fadiga, etc. O desempenho mecânico de um componente depende do seu processo de fabricação e da matéria-prima utilizada, sendo estes os dois fatores de maior importância e representatividade no custo de fabricação de um componente. O processo de fabricação de um componente mecânico específico foi simulado fisicamente com duas matérias primas alternativas disponíveis no fabricante e com dois tratamentos térmicos distintos, além da utilização de shot peening no final do processo, gerando 8 diferentes rotas de fabricação Foram avaliados os aços SAE 1045H e DIN 38MnVS6 como opções de matéria-prima alternativa, além dos tratamentos térmicos de têmpera e revenimento e resfriamento em esteira. Foram realizadas análises de composição química e microestrutural para cada aço e tratamento térmico, além de avaliação de dureza, resistência a tração, resistência ao impacto, análise de tensões residuais e desempenho em fadiga. Os requisitos de dureza e resistência mecânica foram satisfatórios para todas as condições, exceto para o SAE 1045H com resfriamento em esteira. O desempenho em fadiga dos materiais sem shot peening não foram satisfatórios, apenas para o DIN 38MnVS6 com resfriamento em esteira apresentou desempenho próximo ao esperado, sendo todas rotas de fabricação sem shot peening reprovadas. Para os materiais com shot peening, apenas o SAE 1045H apresentou resultado insatisfatório, os demais materiais atenderam a especificação de fadiga. Pôde ser observada a influência das tensões residuais superficiais compressivas no desempenho em fadiga do componente, além disto, foi verificado a possibilidade de produzir o componente em três diferentes rotas de produção, podendo gerar uma redução de custo de até 12%. / The aim of this work was to study different manufacturing routes of an automotive component and, meantime, evaluate which of these routes would allow the fulfillment of technical requirements with the possibility of reducing manufacturing costs. Auto parts manufacturers are placed in a high-risk and highly competitive market, in addition to shouldering costs to meet requirements in some demanding and, sometimes, unnecessary cases by the customer. The focus of automotive components should be based on requirements of a mechanical nature, such as tensile strength, impact resistance, fatigue resistance, etc . The mechanical performance of a component depends on the manufacturing process and raw material used, these being the two most important factors in the representation and manufacturing cost of a component. The manufacturing process of a particular mechanical component was physically simulated with two alternative materials, both available from the manufacturer with two different heat treatments, in addition to the use of shot peening by the end of the process, generating eight different manufacturing routes. Were evaluated the SAE 1045H steel and DIN 38MnVS6 as an alternative raw material, in addition to heat treatment of quenching and tempering, the current process, and forced air cooling Chemical and microstructural analysis of each steel composition and heat treatment were performed, in addition to evaluation of hardness, tensile strength, impact resistance, analysis of residual stresses and fatigue performance. The requirements of mechanical properties were satisfactory for all conditions except for the SAE 1045H air-cooled. The fatigue performance of materials without shot peening were not satisfactory, only for DIN 38MnVS6 air cooled the performance was close to the specification, so all manufacturing routes without shot peening were disapproved. For materials with shot peening, only the SAE 1045H presented non-satisfactory result, other materials attended fatigue specification. It was observed the influence of surface compressive residual stresses in the component fatigue performance, furthermore, it was verified the possibility of producing the component three different routes, allowing a cost reduction up to 12%.

Information extraction aims to automatically extract structured information from unstructured texts. Supervised information extraction requires large quantities of labeled training data, which is time-consuming and labor-intensive. This dissertation focuses on information extraction, especially relation extraction and attribute-value extraction in e-commerce, with few labeled (few-shot learning) or even no labeled (zero-shot learning) training data. We explore multi-source auxiliary information and novel learning techniques to integrate semantic auxiliary information with the input text to improve few-shot learning and zero-shot learning. For zero-shot and few-shot relation extraction, the first method explores the existing data statistics and leverages auxiliary information including labels, synonyms of labels, keywords, and hypernyms of name entities to enable zero-shot learning for the unlabeled data. We build an automatic hypernym extraction framework to help acquire hypernyms of different entities directly from the web. The second method explores the relations between seen classes and new classes. We propose a prompt-based model with semantic knowledge augmentation to recognize new relation triplets under the zero-shot setting. In this method, we transform the problem of zero-shot learning into supervised learning with the generated augmented data for new relations. We design the prompts for training using the auxiliary information based on an external knowledge graph to integrate semantic knowledge learned from seen relations. The third work utilizes auxiliary information from images to enhance few-shot learning. We propose a multi-modal few-shot relation extraction model that leverages both textual and visual semantic information to learn a multi-modal representation jointly. To supplement the missing contexts in text, this work integrates both local features (object-level) and global features (pixel-level) from different modalities through image-guided attention, object-guided attention, and hybrid feature attention to solve the problem of sparsity and noise. We then explore the few-shot and zero-shot aspect (attribute-value) extraction in the e-commerce application field. The first work studies the multi-label few-shot learning by leveraging the auxiliary information of anchor (label) and category description based on the prototypical networks, where the hybrid attention helps alleviate ambiguity and capture more informative semantics by calculating both the label-relevant and query-related weights. A dynamic threshold is learned by integrating the semantic information from support and query sets to achieve multi-label inference. The second work explores multi-label zero-shot learning via semi-inductive link prediction of the heterogeneous hypergraph. The heterogeneous hypergraph is built with higher-order relations (generated by the auxiliary information of user behavior data and product inventory data) to capture the complex and interconnected relations between users and the products. / Doctor of Philosophy / Information extraction is the process of automatically extracting structured information from unstructured sources, such as plain text documents, web pages, images, and so on. In this dissertation, we will first focus on general relation extraction, which aims at identifying and classifying semantic relations between entities. For example, given the sentence `Peter was born in Manchester.' in the newspaper, structured information (Peter, place of birth, Manchester) can be extracted. Then, we focus on attribute-value (aspect) extraction in the application field, which aims at extracting attribute-value pairs from product descriptions or images on e-commerce websites. For example, given a product description or image of a handbag, the brand (i.e. brand: Chanel), color (i.e. color: black), and other structured information can be extracted from the product, which provides a better search and recommendation experience for customers. With the advancement of deep learning techniques, machines (models) trained with large quantities of example input data and the corresponding desired output data, can perform automatic information extraction tasks with high accuracy. Such example input data and the corresponding desired output data are also named annotated data. However, across technological innovation and social change, new data (i.e. articles, products, etc.) is being generated continuously. It is difficult, time-consuming, and costly to annotate large quantities of new data for training. In this dissertation, we explore several different methods to help the model achieve good performance with only a few (few-shot learning) or even no labeled data (zero-shot learning) for training. Humans are born with no prior knowledge, but they can still recognize new information based on their existing knowledge by continuously learning. Inspired by how human beings learn new knowledge, we explore different auxiliary information that can benefit few-shot and zero-shot information extraction. We studied the auxiliary information from existing data statistics, knowledge graphs, corresponding images, labels, user behavior data, product inventory data, optical characters, etc. We enable few-shot and zero-shot learning by adding auxiliary information to the training data. For example, we study the data statistics of both labeled and unlabeled data. We use data augmentation and prompts to generate training samples for no labeled data. We utilize graphs to learn general patterns and representations that can potentially transfer to unseen nodes and relations. This dissertation provides the exploration of how utilizing the above different auxiliary information to help improve the performance of information extraction with few annotated or even no annotated training data.

No description available.

The developing of multimedia to make the video data to increase very quickly.So how to acquire the data that we want in a short time is a more important topic. Shot change detection is the first step for latter operation like classification and annotations. There are two type of shot change, one is abrupt shot change and the other one is gradual transition. Dissolve is the one of gradual transition that often seen but hard to detection, so in the paper would to propose a robust method to solve this problem. In this paper we use fractal orthonormal basis for our feature to compare frames in the video to the first frame of video, and use the quantification between those frames to draw a graph. By analyzing the graph and the characteristic of dissolve in the graph we can locate the approximately the start frame and the end frame of the dissolve. But by the action of video camera or motion of object in frame we may obtained the inaccurate start frame or end frame of the dissolve. So we need to refine the more accurate start and end frame of the dissolve, and we will explain about this in Chapter 3-4

No description available.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-02-08Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:14:23Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 silvajunior_g_me_guara.pdf: 2753248 bytes, checksum: 05b8f846d2550bb9618bdde67704e992 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A falha por fadiga é resultado de nucleação e propagação de trinca em consequência de um carregamento cíclico. Na indústria aeronáutica, em componentes como trens de pouso, a resistência à fadiga é um importante parâmetro a ser considerado em projeto, assim como resistência ao desgaste e à corrosão. O aço inox 15-5PH é aplicado em diversos componentes nos eixos estruturais do trem de pouso. A sua aplicação justifica-se devido a sua alta resistência mecânica e elevada resistência à corrosão. Contudo sua aplicação é restringida devido a sua baixa resistência ao desgaste, fazendo-se necessária a utilização de um tratamento superficial de endurecimento de superfície. O método de HVOF vem sendo considerado uma alternativa à eletrodeposição do cromo pela indústria aeronáutica, para aumento de resistência ao desgaste e à corrosão. Nesta pesquisa, é realizado o estudo do comportamento em fadiga do aço inoxidável 15-5PH tratado superficialmente em três condições: revestido com WC-13Co-4Cr, e WC-18Co por HVOF; e revestido com cromo eletrodepositado. O tratamento de shot peening foi aplicado com intuito de recuperar a resistência à fadiga nos materiais revestidos. Os ensaios de fadiga e a medida de tensões residuais proporcionam uma análise comparativa da resistência à fadiga dos revestimentos estudados. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo comparar a influência dos revestimentos WC-13Co-4Cr e WC-18Co, aplicados por HVOF, com revestimento de cromo eletrodepositado, na resistência à fadiga axial do aço inox 15-5PH, com intuito substituir o método de eletrodeposição do cromo pelo de HVOF. Os resultados mostram que o aço 15-5PH revestido com WC-13Co-4Cr por HVOF é o melhor sistema de revestimento a ser empregado considerando o desempenho em resistência à fadiga / Fatigue failure is result of a crack initiation and propagation, in consequence of a cyclical load. In aeronautical industry, components as landing gear, the fatigue strength is an important parameter to be considered in project, as well as the corrosion and wear resistance. The 15-5PH stainless steel is applied on carrying axles in landing gear. The reason for its application is due to high mechanical strength, and corrosion resistance. Nevertheless the application of 15-5PH it‟s restricted due to low wear resistance, becoming necessary a hardening surface treatment. The method of HVOF has been considering the alternative to chromium electroplated by the aircraft industry, in order to improve the wear and corrosion resistance. This research present an evaluation of fatigue strength of 15-5PH stainless steel in three main conditions of surface treatments: coated by HVOF with WC-13Co-4Cr, and WC-18Co; and coated with chromium electroplated. The shot peening treatment was applied in order to restore the fatigue strength on coated materials. The fatigue tests and residual stress measurement were carried out to obtain a comparative analysis among coated materials. The main propose of this research is compare the influence of WC-13Co-4Cr, WC-18Co coated by HVOF, with chromium electroplated, on the fatigue strength of 15-5PH, in order to replace the electroplating method by HVOF. The results show that 15-5PH coated with WC-13Co-4Cr by HVOF is the best coating system to be applied considering the fatigue strength performance

Oscillator phase noise is an important factor in designing radio frequency (RF) communications hardware. Phase noise directly contributes to adjacent-channel interference and an increase in bit error rate (BER). Understanding the operation of an oscillator can help with the oscillator design process. Also, the understanding of the noise processes within an oscillator can add insight to the design process, allowing an intelligent low-noise design. It will be shown that although simulation software can be helpful, the understanding of the oscillator operation is a valuable tool in the design process. Oscillator design will be discussed, and then the noise processes of the oscillator will be investigated. A new method of decomposing shot noise into in-phase and quadrature components will be discussed. The noise processes discussed for a non-saturating bipolar junction transistor (BJT) Colpitts oscillator will be extended to the case of a saturating BJT Colpitts oscillator. This new method gives insight into the design of low-noise oscillators, and provides guidelines for design of low-noise oscillators. Example oscillators will support the theory and low-noise design guidelines. It will be seen that although designing an oscillator to saturate can provide a stable output level over a wide bandwidth, the added noise production may degrade the performance of the oscillator through both a lower effective Q and restricted signal level compared to the noise. / Master of Science

No description available.

A área de recuperação de informação baseada em conteúdo visual vem ganhando importância graças ao volume de material visual existente (imagens e vídeo digitais), compartilhado e distribuído principalmente via Internet, e à capacidade de processamento alcançada pelos computadores pessoais na última década. Novas formas de consumo, manipulação e exploração de vídeo digital podem ser criadas através da organização e indexação apropriada desse material. A delimitação de tomadas fornece uma base para a abstração e estruturação de vídeo, agregando quadros contíguos em seqüências de mesmo contexto, isto é, trechos com unidade em termos de tempo e espaço. Nesta dissertação são apresentados os conceitos básicos de delimitação de tomadas e métodos tradicionais utilizados nesse tipo de segmentação, bem como vários resultados experimentais obtidos a partir de seqüências reais de TV. É analisada a distribuição das diferenças entre quadros sucessivos, calculada através de seus histogramas, na tentativa de caracterizar as transições entre tomadas e obter melhores parâmetros para a segmentação. Obtêm-se experimentalmente mais evidências que comprovam a superioridade da medida de intersecção de histogramas sobre outras medidas. A principal contribuição do trabalho consiste no desenvolvimento de um algoritmo baseado no método twin-comparison, que apresenta melhor desempenho que o método original na detecção dos limites de tomadas por utilizar análise local da variação visual entre os quadros do vídeo. / Visual content based information retrieval is an area of increasing importance due to the large volume of available material (digital images and videos), shared and distributed mainly by the internet, and the processing power achieved by personal computer in the last ten years. New ways to consume digital video and to manipulate and explore its visual information can be made by appropriately organizing and indexing this material. The shot boundary detection is a fundamental tool to video abstraction and structuring, combining near frames into sequences with similar context, segments with space and time unity. This work presents the basic concepts about shot boundary detection, traditional methods used and several experimental results obtained from a real TV data set. The distribution of differences of neighboring frames, calculated from histogram comparison, is used to define the transitions between frames and to obtain better parameters for segmentation. Our experimental results show the superiority of the histogram intersection method over other measures. Our main contribution is the development of a new algorithm based on the twin-comparison method, extended with local analysis of visual content variation between video frames. This algorithm was tested over hours of TV data, and performs better than the original method.