published_or_final_version / Physics / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hong Kong, 1980. / Typescript.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Physics, 1984. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 117-124).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Dept. of physics, University of Adelaide, 1983. / Includes bibliographical references.

The global energy usage have been growing and is expected to grow in the forthcoming years. The negative effects of increased energy use are greatly depending on the type of base raw materials required for converting the energy and the negative consequences those have on the environment. From the energy used, fossil fuels stands for the largest part. Excess use of fossil fuels have been shown to have considerable negative effects on the environment, including, but not limited to global warming. Renewable energy is today the world’s fastest growing energy source limiting the negative consequences of growing energy use. The commercial and residential buildings stands together for about 40 % of the total energy usage. Residential buildings alone stands for 20 % of the total world delivered energy consumption by end-use sector. In EU the average residential energy use amounts to 25 % and for individual countries like Sweden and Finland it is 21 %. The EU energy efficiency directive from year 2012 sets a target to save 20 % of the unions primary energy usage by year 2020 compared to the year 1990. The EU countries also agreed in October 2014 on a new energy efficiency target of at least 27 % by the year 2030. To reach this goal, improved energy efficiency are required in all sectors. Finland’s energy efficiency law for buildings from 2013 greatly reduces the minimum energy usage allowed for new buildings. Finland is also preparing for a new law that would by 2020 require all new buildings to be zero or close to zero energy buildings. This is defined by the Ministry of the Environment as buildings that have very high energy efficiency, where the already greatly reduced energy demand is satisfied extensively by renewable energy. As part of the goal to greatly increase buildings energy efficiency, this work focus on heat exchangers for showers. The purpose of this project is to investigate how two different heat exchangers works for shower cabins. This is done by testing a system where the heat exchangers are linked together. The system works by transferring heat from the drainage water and the moist air to the incoming colder drinking water before the cold water is heated in the mixerto desired shower temperature. The measurements are taken for different simulated shower situations. The Heat exchangers efficiency are calculated and the energy savings are examined with annual energy savings. The payback time shows that the system is not currently viable. The efficiency need to be improved, the main issue being the constituent materials heat transfer attributes between cold and hot water. The results are discussed and it is concluded that the system would be viable with improved heat exchanger efficiency and adequate shower use, which depends on the user and the amount of people using the shower. The main issue with increased heat transfer efficiency is the greater risk of contamination between the incoming cold drinking water and the outgoing dirty drainage water.

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This thesis contains the work of two recent developments in the Herwig general purpose event genrator. Firstly, the results from an new implementation of the KrkNLO method in the Herwig event generator are presented. This method allows enables the generation of matched next-to-leading order plus parton shower events through the application of simple positive weights to showered leading order events. This simplicity is achieved by the construction Monte Carlo scheme parton distribution functions. This implementation contains the necessary components to simulation Drell-Yan production as well as Higgs production via gluon fusion. This is used to generate the first differential Higgs results using this method. The results from this implementation are shown to be comparable with predictions from the well established approaches of POWHEG and MC@NLO. The predictions from KrkNLO are found to closely resemble the original configuration for POWHEG. Secondly, a benchmark study focussing on the source of perturbative uncertainties in parton showers is presented. The study employs leading order plus parton shower simulations as a starting point in order to establish a baseline set of controllable uncertainties. The aim of which is to build an understanding of the uncertainties associated with a full simulation which includes higher-order corrections and interplay with non- perturbative models. The uncertainty estimates for a number of benchmark processes are presented. The requirement that these estimates be consistent across the two distinct parton show implementations in Herwig provided an important measure to assess the quality of these uncertainty estimates. The profile scale choice is seen to be an important consideration with the power and hfact displaying inconsistencies between the showers. The resummation profile scale is shown to deliver consistent predictions for the central value and uncertainty bands.

Bibliography: leaves 117-124 / 124 leaves,[31] leaves : ill ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Physics, 1984