This report studies the generation of new solutions to Einstein's field equations in general relativity by the method of sigma models. If, when projected from four to three dimensions, the relativistic action decouples into a gravity term and a non-linear sigma model term, target space isometries of the sigma model can be found that correspond to generating new solutions. We give a self-contained description of the method and relate it to the early articles through which the method was introduced. We discuss the virtues of the method and how it is used today. We find that it is a powerful technique of finding new solutions and can also give insight to the general features of the theory. We also identify some possible further developments of the method.

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We discuss the target space pseudoduality in supersymmetric sigma models on symmetric spaces. We first consider the case where sigma models based on real compact connected Lie groups of the same dimensionality and give examples using three dimensional models on target spaces. We show explicit construction of nonlocal conserved currents on the pseudodual manifold. We then switch the Lie group valued pseudoduality equations to Lie algebra valued ones, which leads to an infinite number of pseudoduality equations. We obtain an infinite number of conserved currents on the tangent bundle of the pseudodual manifold. Since pseudoduality imposes the condition that sigma models pseudodual to each other are based on symmetric spaces with opposite curvatures (i.e. dual symmetric spaces), we investigate pseudoduality transformation on the symmetric space sigma models in the third chapter. We see that there can be mixing of decomposed spaces with each other, which leads to mixings of the following expressions. We obtain the pseudodual conserved currents which are viewed as the orthonormal frame on the pullback bundle of the tangent space of G tilde which is the Lie group on which the pseudodual model based. Hence we obtain the mixing forms of curvature relations and one loop renormalization group beta function by means of these currents. In chapter four, we generalize the classical construction of pseudoduality transformation to supersymmetric case. We perform this both by component expansion method on manifold M and by orthonormal coframe method on manifold SO(M). The component method produces the result that pseudoduality tranformation is not invertible at all points and occurs from all points on one manifold to only one point where riemann normal coordinates valid on the second manifold. Torsion of the sigma model on M must vanish while it is nonvanishing on M tilde, and curvatures of the manifolds must be constant and the same because of anticommuting grassmann numbers. We obtain the similar results with the classical case in orthonormal coframe method. In case of super WZW sigma models pseudoduality equations result in three different pseudoduality conditions; flat space, chiral and antichiral pseudoduality. Finally we study the pseudoduality tansformations on symmetric spaces using two different methods again. These two methods yield similar results to the classical cases with the exception that commuting bracket relations in classical case turns out to be anticommuting ones because of the appearance of grassmann numbers. It is understood that constraint relations in case of non-mixing pseudoduality are the remnants of mixing pseudoduality. Once mixing terms are included in the pseudoduality the constraint relations disappear.

We replaced the classical string theory notions of parameter space and world-time with noncommutative tori and consider maps between these spaces. The dynamics of mappings between different noncommutative tori were studied and a noncommutative generalization of the Polyakov action was derived. The quantum torus was studied in detail as well as *-homomorphisms between different quantum tori. A finite dimensional representation of the quantum torus was studied and the partition function and other path integrals were calculated. At the end we proved existence theorems for mappings between different noncommutative tori. / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Physics / unrestricted

This thesis is devoted to a discussion of various aspects of supersymmetric quantum field theories in four and two dimensions. In four dimensions, 𝒩 = 1 supersymmetric quantum gauge theories on various four-manifolds are constructed. Many of their properties, some of which are distinct to the theories on flat spacetime, are analyzed. In two dimensions, general 𝒩 = (2, 2) nonlinear sigma models on S² are constructed, both for chiral multiplets and twisted chiral multiplets. The explicit curvature coupling terms and their effects are discussed. Finally, 𝒩 = (0, 2) gauged linear sigma models with nonabelian gauge groups are analyzed. In particular, various dualities between these nonabelian gauge theories are discussed in a geometric content, based on their Higgs branch structure. / Ph. D.

Název práce: Studium efektivních Lagrangianů a jejich aplikace Autor: Jaroslav Trnka Katedra: Ústav částicové a jaderné fyziky Vedoucí disertační práce: RNDr. Jiří Novotný, CSc., ÚČJF Abstrakt: V této práci studujeme různé aspekty efektivních teorií pole pro kvan- tovou chromodynamiku (QCD). V prvních dvou kapitolách se zaměříme na efek- tivní teorii pro resonance, která interpoluje mezi nízkoenergetickou efektivní teorií (Chirální poruchová teorie) a vysokoenergetickou QCD. V rámci této teorie studu- jeme jednosmyčkovou renormalizaci, jak z pohledu výpočetního pomocí SS-PP korelátoru, tak i čistě koncepčního studiem dynamicky generovaných stupňů vol- nosti. Ve čtvrté kapitole studujeme amplitudy rozptylu v rámci nelineárního sig- ma modelu, který představuje vedoucí člen nízkoenergetické efektivní teorie pro QCD. V návaznosti na nedávné objevy v rámci Yang-Mills teorie se nám podaří v rámci tohoto modelu zkonstruovat rekurzivní relace pro stromové amplitudy. Kromě čistě teoretické důležitosti tohoto faktu představuje tato metoda efektivní výpočetní nástroj nezávislý na formulaci amplitud pomocí Feynmanovských dia- gramů. Klíčová slova: efektivní teorie pole, kvantová chromodynamika, nelineární sigma model...

This thesis is devoted to a thorough study of chiral rings in two-dimensional (0,2) theories. We first discuss properties of chiral operators in general two-dimensional (0,2) nonlinear sigma models, both in theories twistable to the A/2 or B/2 model, as well as in non-twistable theories. As a special case, we study the quantum sheaf cohomology of Grassmannians as a deformation of the usual quantum cohomology. The deformation corresponds to a (0,2) deformation of the nonabelian gauged linear sigma model whose geometric phase is associated with the Grassmannian. Combined with the classical result, the quantum ring structure is derived from the one-loop effective potential. Supersymmetric localization is also applicable in this case, which proves to be efficient in computing A/2 correlation functions. We then compute chiral operators in general (0,2) nonlinear sigma models, and apply them to the Gadde-Gukov-Putrov triality proposal, which says that certain triples of (0,2) GLSMs should RG flow to nontrivial IR fixed points. As another application, we extend previous works to construct (0,2) Toda-like mirrors to the sigma model engineering Grassmannians. / Ph. D. / This thesis studies a mathematical concept called the chiral ring, which emerges from string theory. String theory is a conjectured theory that potentially unifies the existing fundamental physical laws. It has connections with many branches of mathematics, especially geometry. Spacetime is ten-dimensional in string theory, of which four dimensions are visible, and the other six are hidden at ordinary energy levels. The chiral ring encodes many geometric properties of the hidden part of spacetime. These properties can in turn affect the visible universe even at low energies. Research on chiral rings has primarily focused on a special class of geometries which have large symmetries and so are easier to handle. In order to tackle more general scenarios, we analyze the chiral rings corresponding to theories with only half the symmetry and give several new results and applications.

We compute the exact partition function of two dimensional N=(2,2) supersymmetric gauge theories on S². For theories with SU(2|1)_A invariance, the partition function admits two equivalent representations corresponding to localization on the Coulomb branch or the Higgs branch, which includes vortex and anti-vortex excitations at the poles. For SU(2|1)_B invariant gauge theories, the partition function is localized to the Higgs branch which is generically a Kähler quotient manifold. The resulting partition functions are invariant under the renormalization group flow. For gauge theories that flow in the infrared to Calabi-Yau nonlinear sigma models, the partition functions for the SU(2|1)_A (resp SU(2|1)_B) invariant theories compute the Kähler potential on the Kähler moduli (resp. complex structure moduli) of the Calabi-Yau manifold. We also compute the elliptic genus of such theories in the presence of Stückelberg fields and show that they are modular completions of mock Jacobi forms.

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