Spatial reuse TDMA has been proposed as an access scheme for multi-hop radio networks where real-time service guarantees are important. The idea is to allow several radio terminals to use the same time slot when possible. A time slot can be shared when the radio units are geographically separated such that small interference is obtained. The transmission rights of the different users are described with a schedule. In this thesis we will study various aspects of STDMA scheduling. A common thread in these various aspects is the use of an interference-based network model, as opposed to a traditional graph-based network model. While an interference-based network model is more complex than a graph-based model, it is also much more realistic in describing the wireless medium. An important contribution of this thesis is a comparison of network models where we show that the limited information of a graph model leads to significant loss of throughput as compared to an interference-based model, when performing STDMA scheduling. The first part ot this thesis is a study of assignment strategies for centralized scheduling. Traditionally, transmission rights have been given to nodes or to links, i.e., transmitter/receiver pairs. We compare these two approaches and show that both have undesirable properties in certain cases. Furthermore, we propose a novel assignment strategy, achieving the advantages of both methods. Next we investigate the effect of a limited frame length on STDMA schedules. We first show that the required frame length is larger for link assignment than for node assignment. Further, we propose a novel assignment strategy, the joint node and link assignment, that has as low frame length requirements as node assignment but with the capacity of link assignment. In the last part of this thesis we describe a novel interfence-based distributed STDMA algorithm and investigate its properties, specifically its overhead requirement. In addition we show that this algorithm can generate as good schedules as a centralized algorithm can. / QC 20101015

Spectrum regulation is tricky and until recently the methods used for almost a century has sufficed. But as wireless communication has increased the demands on spectrum has increased. The regulators have responded by relaxing the current regulatory framework as well as opening up more bands for license exempt or unlicensed operation. In unlicensed spectrum users can be expected to act greedily and possibly also break etiquette rules. Using game theory we find that in most cases a user benefits form acting greedily and this decrease total system capacity. It is possible to deter a user from cheating by applying punishment to the user. This function should preferably be incorporated in the access network. We also study the case of networks competing in unlicensed spectrum and find that the most successful network is the one with lowest quality guarantees and with the most dense access network. In the case studied here the greedy behavior of the networks increases the spectrum utilization. We also evaluate a number of cases where two networks that cooperate in unlicensed spectrum. Isolation between the networks is the key factor to achieve better performance than splitting the spectrum. The evaluations are carried out using numerical experiments and game theory. Game theory ia a powerful tool for modelling coexistence problems in unlicensed spectrum, but the systems are too complex to allow a fully analytical treatment. / QC 20101012

This report describes how to process audio signals in real time with a digital signalprocessor. The digital signal processor used in the thesis and described in the reportare the Blackfin processor ADSP-BF537 from Analog Devices. In the body of this report there is theory of the processor characteristics and thevarious programming languages used. All experiments that were made on theprocessor are described, these descriptions also help in understanding the annexeswhere the experiments will be presented. The body of this report also describes theprogram used to do experiments. Testing the CPU limit was done and the results arepresented to get a good view of what it can handle. The tests were ruling the use forwhich the processor will be used in the course of signal processing. A Introductionlaboration going through settings on the processor and a simple signal processingapplications is described. The guide is also attached to the end of the report (seeAnnex 1 for Introduktionslaboration i LabVIEW, page 20). Implementation of the labare done with both LabVIEW and Matlab on the processor. This was tested to seewhich program was most appropriate to use. The pros and cons of both programsare described. The final section of the report mentioned observations of the problems encounteredand suggestions for how to proceed in the future. Options other than the processorused in this thesis are mentioned and described. References to information sourceson the Internet were information was gathered and used to program the processor isindicated. Finally the report ends with appendices, where each step is described in theexperiments that was implemented on the processor. Even more specific informationabout how everything will be implemented in the programs are described and theadvantages and disadvantages they have.

<p>In order to ensure secure communication in digital military radio systems, multiple methods are used to protect the transmission from being intercepted by enemy electronic warfare systems. An intercepted transmission can be used to estimate several parameters of the transmitted signal such as its origin (position or direction) and of course the transmitted message itself. The methods used in traditional electronic warfare direction-finding systems have in general poor performance against wideband low power signals while the considered correlation-based time-difference of arrival (TDOA) methods show promising results.</p><p>The output from a TDOA-based direction-finding system using two spatially separated receivers is the TDOA for the signal between the receiving sensors which uniquely describes a hyperbolic curve and the emitter is located somewhere along this curve. In order to measure a TDOA between two digital radio receivers both receiver systems must have the same time and frequency references to avoid degradation due to reference imperfections. However, in some cases, the receivers are separated up to 1000 km and can not share a common reference. This is solved by using a reference module at each of the receiver sites and high accuracy is achieved using the NAVSTAR-GPS system but, still, small differences between the outputs of the different reference modules occurs which degrades the performance of the system.</p><p>In a practical electronic warfare system there is a number of factors that degrade the performance of the system, such as non-ideal antennas, analog receiver filter differences, and the analog to digital converter errors. In this thesis we concentrate on the problems which arises from imperfections in the reference modules, such as time and frequency errors.</p>

<p>Spatial reuse TDMA has been proposed as an access scheme for multi-hop radio networks where real-time service guarantees are important. The idea is to allow several radio terminals to use the same time slot when possible. A time slot can be shared when the radio units are geographically separated such that small interference is obtained. The transmission rights of the different users are described with a schedule.</p><p>In this thesis we will study various aspects of STDMA scheduling. A common thread in these various aspects is the use of an interference-based network model, as opposed to a traditional graph-based network model. While an interference-based network model is more complex than a graph-based model, it is also much more realistic in describing the wireless medium. An important contribution of this thesis is a comparison of network models where we show that the limited information of a graph model leads to significant loss of throughput as compared to an interference-based model, when performing STDMA scheduling.</p><p>The first part ot this thesis is a study of assignment strategies for centralized scheduling. Traditionally, transmission rights have been given to nodes or to links, i.e., transmitter/receiver pairs. We compare these two approaches and show that both have undesirable properties in certain cases. Furthermore, we propose a novel assignment strategy, achieving the advantages of both methods.</p><p>Next we investigate the effect of a limited frame length on STDMA schedules. We first show that the required frame length is larger for link assignment than for node assignment. Further, we propose a novel assignment strategy, the joint node and link assignment, that has as low frame length requirements as node assignment but with the capacity of link assignment.</p><p>In the last part of this thesis we describe a novel interfence-based distributed STDMA algorithm and investigate its properties, specifically its overhead requirement. In addition we show that this algorithm can generate as good schedules as a centralized algorithm can.</p>

<p>This thesis begins with a survey of current state-of-the art in-car navigation systems. The pros and cons of the four commonly used information sources — GNSS/RF-based positioning, vehicle motion sensors, vehicle models and map information — are described. Common filters to combine the information from the various sources are discussed.</p><p>Next, a GNSS-aided inertial navigation platform is presented, into which further sensors such as a camera and wheel-speed encoder can be incorporated. The construction of the hardware platform, together with an extended Kalman filter for a closed-loop integration between the GNSS receiver and the inertial navigation system (INS), is described. Results from a field test are presented.</p><p>Thereafter, an approach is studied for calibrating a low-cost inertial measurement unit (IMU), requiring no mechanical platform for the accelerometer calibration and only a simple rotating table for the gyro calibration. The performance of the calibration algorithm is compared with the Cramér-Rao bound for cases where a mechanical platform is used to rotate the IMU into different precisely controlled orientations.</p><p>Finally, the effects of time synchronization errors in a GNSS-aided INS are studied in terms of the increased error covariance of the state vector. Expressions for evaluating the error covariance of the navigation state vector are derived. Two different cases are studied in some detail. The first considers a navigation system in which the timing error is not taken into account by the integration filter. This leads to a system with an increased error covariance and a bias in the estimated forward acceleration. In the second case, a parameterization of the timing error is included as part of the estimation problem in the data integration. The estimated timing error is fed back to control an adjustable fractional delay filter, synchronizing the IMU and GNSS-receiver data.</p>

<p>this thesis the problem of maximum likelihood (ML) detection for the linear multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) channel is considered. The thesis investigates two algorithms previously proposed in the literature for implementing the ML detector, namely semide nite relaxation and sphere decoding.</p><p>The first algorithm, semide nite relaxation, is a suboptimal implementation of the ML detector meaning that it is not guaranteed to solve the maximum likelihood detection problem. Still, numerical evidence suggests that the performance of the semide nite relaxation detector is close to that of the true ML detector. A contribution made in this thesis is to derive conditions under which the semide nite relaxation estimate can be guaranteed to coincide with the ML estimate.</p><p>The second algorithm, the sphere decoder, can be used to solve the ML detection problem exactly. Numerical evidence has previously shown that the complexity of the sphere decoder is remarkably low for problems of moderate size. This has led to the widespread belief that the sphere decoder is of polynomial expected complexity. This is however unfortunately not true. Instead, in most scenarios encountered in digital communications, the expected complexity of the algorithm is exponential in the number of symbols jointly detected. However, for high signal to noise ratio the rate of exponential increase is small. In this thesis it is proved that for a large class of detection problems the expected complexity is lower bounded by an exponential function. Also, for the special case of an i.i.d. Rayleigh fading channel, an asymptotic analysis is presented which enables the computation of the expected complexity up to the linear term in the exponent.</p>

<p>Two estimation problems are treated in this thesis. Estimators are suggested and the asymptotical properties of the estimates are investigated analytically. Numerical simulations are used to assess small-sample performance. In addition, performance bounds are calculated. The first problem treated is parameter estimation for the reduced rank linear regression. A new method based on instrumental variable principles is proposed and its asymptotical performance analyzed. In addition, the Cram\'{e}r-Rao bound for the problem is derived for a general Gaussian noise model. The new method is asymptotically efficient (it has the smallest possible covariance) if the noise is temporally white, and outperforms previously suggested algorithms when the noise is temporally correlated. The approximation of a matrix with one of lower rank under a weighted norm is needed as part of the estimation algorithm. Two new, computationally efficient, methods are suggested. While the general matrix approximation problem has no known closed form solution, the proposed methods are asymptotically optimal as part of the estimation procedure in question. A new algorithm is also suggested for the related rank detection problem. The second part of this thesis treats direction of arrival estimation for narrowband signals using an array of sensors. Most algorithms require the noise covariance matrix to be known (up to a scaling factor) or to possess a known structure. In many cases the noise covariance is in fact estimated from a separate batch of signal-free samples. This work addresses the combined effects of finite sample sizes both in the estimated noise covariance matrix and in the data with signals present. No assumption is made on the structure of the noise covariance. The asymptotical covariance of weighted subspace fitting (WSF) is derived for the case in which the data are whitened using the noise covariance estimate. The obtained expression suggests an optimal weighting that improves performance compared to the standard choice. In addition, a new method based on covariance matching is proposed. Both methods are asymptotically statistically efficient. The Cramér-Rao bound for the problem is derived, and the expression becomes surprisingly simple.</p>

<p>Spectrum regulation is tricky and until recently the methods used for almost a century has sufficed. But as wireless communication has increased the demands on spectrum has increased. The regulators have responded by relaxing the current regulatory framework as well as opening up more bands for license exempt or unlicensed operation.</p><p>In unlicensed spectrum users can be expected to act greedily and possibly also break etiquette rules. Using game theory we find that in most cases a user benefits form acting greedily and this decrease total system capacity. It is possible to deter a user from cheating by applying punishment to the user. This function should preferably be incorporated in the access network.</p><p>We also study the case of networks competing in unlicensed spectrum and find that the most successful network is the one with lowest quality guarantees and with the most dense access network. In the case studied here the greedy behavior of the networks increases the spectrum utilization. We also evaluate a number of cases where two networks that cooperate in unlicensed spectrum. Isolation between the networks is the key factor to achieve better performance than splitting the spectrum.</p><p>The evaluations are carried out using numerical experiments and game theory. Game theory ia a powerful tool for modelling coexistence problems in unlicensed spectrum, but the systems are too complex to allow a fully analytical treatment.</p>

<p>In this thesis a terrain positioning method for underwater vehicles called the correlation method is presented. Using the method the vehicle can determine its absolute position with the help of a sonar and a map of the bottom topography. The thesis is focused towards underwater positioning but most of the material is directly applicable to flying vehicles as well. The positioning of surface vehicles has been revolutionized by the global positioning system (GPS). However, since the GPS signal does not penetrate into the sea water volume, underwater vehicles still have to use the inertial navigation system (INS) for navigation. Terrain positioning is therefore a serious alternative to GPS for underwater vehicles for zeroing out the INS error in military applications. The thesis begins with a review of different estimation methods as Bayesian and extended Kalman filter methods that have been used for terrain navigation. Some other methods that may be used as the unscented Kalman filter or solving the Fokker-Planck equation using finite element methods are also discussed. The correlation method is then described and the well known problem with multiple terrain positions is discussed. It is shown that the risk of false positions decreases exponentially with the number of measurement beams. A simple hypothesis test of false peaks is presented. It is also shown that the likelihood function for the position under weak assumptions converges to a Gaussian probability density function when the number of measuring beams tends to infinity. The Cramér-Rao lower bound on the position error covariance is determined and it is shown that the proposed method achieves this bound asymptotically. The problem with measurement bias causing position bias is discussed and a simple method for removing the measurement bias is presented. By adjusting the footprint of the measuring sonar beams to the bottom topography a large increase in accuracy and robustness can be achieved in many bottom areas. This matter is discussed and a systematic theory about how to choose way-points is developed. Three sea-trials have been conducted to verify the characteristics of the method and some results from the last one in October 2002 are presented. The sea-trials verify to a very high degree the theory presented. Finally the method is briefly discussed under the assumption that the bottom topography can be described by an autoregressive stochastic process.</p>