Submitted by Inácio de Oliveira Lima Neto (inacio.neto@inpa.gov.br) on 2018-10-05T14:51:30Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Karen Cristina Pires da Costa.pdf: 2124874 bytes, checksum: 56088b4451127deaf23ba6ef271b099a (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-05T14:51:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Karen Cristina Pires da Costa.pdf: 2124874 bytes, checksum: 56088b4451127deaf23ba6ef271b099a (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-04-28 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / A better understanding of the effects of thinning on the ecophysiological aspects and the growth of Bertholletia excelsa, Amazon tree with high potential timber, can help to define the most appropriate management strategies plantations of this species. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of the application of silvicultural treatment of thinning on the ecophysiological characteristics and growth of B. excelsa in a dense planting. The study was conducted in a plantation belonging to the Agricultural Company Aruanã, Itacoatiara, AM. The method of thinning applied was selective, were removed 50% of the basal area of the planting. After thinning, we analyzed the percentage of canopy opening and were monitored chlorophyll a fluorescence, variables of the gas exchange, the contents of leaf nutrients, leaf water potential and diameter growth. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with two treatments (control and thinning) and eight repetitions. After applying the thinning was observed reduction in photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (TRO/ABS), with subsequent recovery to the levels of the trees of the control treatment. A week after applying the thinning was observed increase in photosynthetic rates (A), respiration (Rd), stomatal conductance (gs) and transpiration (E). Thinning did not affect the water potential of the trees, but the trees in this treatment showed efficiency in water use (WUE) 16% higher. The thinning resulted higher content of Na, Ka, Pa and MFA. At the end of the trial period, under the trees thinning treatment showed concentrations of Na, Pa, Ka and MFA about 27% higher than the trees of the control treatment. Thinning stimulated growth in diameter of B. excelsa, which was three times higher (1.12 cm yr-1) compared to control treatment of trees (0.39 cm yr-1). Thinning stimulated growth rates in diameter B. excelsa, in response to increased photosynthetic capacity due to increased stomatal conductance (gs), leaf mass per area (MFA) and leaf contents of Na and Pa. In addition, the rapid B. excelsa response to environmental changes caused by thinning, due in large part the ability of this species to acclimate to the new light conditions imposed by the application of silvicultural practice. / O melhor entendimento dos efeitos do desbaste sobre os aspectos ecofisiológicos e o crescimento de Bertholletia excelsa, árvore amazônica com alto potencial madeireiro, pode auxiliar na definição de estratégias mais adequadas de manejo de plantações desta espécie. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar os efeitos da aplicação do tratamento silvicultural de desbaste sobre as características ecofisiológicas e o crescimento de B. excelsa em plantio adensado. O estudo foi realizado em um plantio pertencente à Empresa Agropecuária Aruanã S. A., Itacoatiara, AM. O método de desbaste aplicado foi o seletivo e foram removidos 50% da área basal do plantio. Após o desbaste, analisou-se a porcentagem de abertura do dossel e foram monitorados a fluorescência da clorofila a, as variáveis de trocas gasosas, os teores de nutrientes foliares, o potencial hídrico foliar e o crescimento em diâmetro. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados com dois tratamentos (controle e desbaste) e oito repetições. Após a aplicação do desbaste observou-se redução da máxima eficiência fotoquímica do fotossistema II (TRO/ABS), com posterior recuperação aos níveis das árvores do tratamento controle. Uma semana após a aplicação do desbaste observou-se incremento nos valores de fotossíntese (A), respiração (Rd), condutância estomática (gs) e transpiração (E). O desbaste não alterou o potencial hídrico das árvores, entretanto as árvores sob este tratamento apresentaram eficiência no uso da água (EUA) 16% maior. O desbaste resultou em maiores conteúdos de Na, Pa e Ka e de MFA. Ao final do período experimental, as árvores sob tratamento de desbaste apresentaram concentrações de Na, Pa e Ka e MFA cerca de 27% superiores às árvores do tratamento controle. O desbaste estimulou o crescimento em diâmetro de B. excelsa, o qual foi três vezes superior (1,12 cm ano-1) em relação às árvores do controle (0,39 cm ano-1). O desbaste estimulou as taxas de crescimento em diâmetro de B. excelsa, como resposta ao incremento da capacidade fotossintética em função do aumento da condutância estomática (gs), da massa foliar por área (MFA) e dos conteúdos foliares de Na e Pa. Ademais, a rápida resposta de B. excelsa às alterações ambientais causadas pelo desbaste, deve-se em grande parte a capacidade dessa espécie se aclimatar às novas condições de luz impostas pela aplicação dessa prática silvicultural.

Basal area and dominant height growth and survival models incorporating general response to silvicultural treatments for loblolly pine stands were developed using data from various silvicultural experiments across Southern United States. Growth models for treated stands were developed by multiplying base-line growth models with modifier response functions/multipliers accounting for effects of thinning, fertilization, and control of competing vegetation. Chapman-Richards functions were used to model the base-line growth. Separate response functions to mid-rotation thinning and fertilization effects were developed. The thinning response function was based on duration and rate parameters and is sensitive to stand age at the time of thinning, time since thinning, and intensity of thinning. The fertilization response functions were based on Weibull distribution and the magnitude of responses varies with time since application of fertilizers, type of fertilizer elements applied, and rate of application. Response functions were integrated as a multiplier to base-line models. Response to early control of competing vegetation was incorporated into base-line models through multiplier factors. Multiplier factors were calculated based on growth difference between treated and untreated stands. A difference function, derived from differential equation with age, initial stand density, and site index served as the base-line survival model. The survival model was adjusted for thinning treatment by including an additional independent variable that represents thinning intensity. No adjustment was required for survival model in response to fertilization and competing vegetation control. All growth models were unbiased and had adequate performance in predicting basal area and dominant height following treatments. Models were developed to represent general growth trends in response to treatments. The response functions developed here can be viewed as general response functions. / Ph. D.

Oaks (Quercus spp.) are an important part of the forested landscape in the eastern United States. Although oak is increasing in standing volume, an oak regeneration bottleneck has occurred throughout its range in recent decades. Subsequently, as oak overstory is being harvested, rarely is oak recruited into the overstory to maintain the historic dominance of overstory oak. In the absence of fire and subsequent canopy closure, mesic species have proliferated, frequently forming a dense understory, inhibiting oak regeneration success. This study was developed to determine species dynamics between oak and oak competitors in response to silvicultural treatments in the southern Appalachian Mountains of North Carolina. The treatments were: a shelterwood treatment (25-30% basal area reduction through mid-story removal with herbicides), a prescribed fire treatment (two late dormant season fires occurred over a 9-year period), a shelterwood and burn treatment (prescribed fire 3-5 years following 30-40% basal area removal), and an unmanaged control. To determine treatment impacts on the regeneration layer, importance value and stems ha-1 were calculated at the species group and individual species level 0- and 9- years post initial treatment. A principal component analysis and an analysis of basal area by treatment 0- and 9-years post-treatment were used to determine the influence of site-specific characteristics on regeneration layer response. The greatest relative increases in importance values were 1401% and 2995% for the red oak group and yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera), respectively, in the shelterwood and burn (SWB). Change in all species groups were predominantly influenced by the smallest size-class (<0.6 m tall), with the exception of northern red oak (Q. rubra) and yellow-poplar in the SWB. The SWB significantly reduced importance values of all shade tolerant species groups and was the only treatment to decrease red maple (Acer rubrum) importance value and density over the study years. The prescribed fire (RXF) treatment increased red oak group importance value, while simultaneously decreasing yellow-poplar importance value and increasing red maple importance value. Changes in the red oak group in the SWB and the RXF were driven by northern red oak and scarlet oak (Q. coccinea), respectively. Treatments do not appear to change the competitive status of the white oak group. Elevation was closely associated with the red oak group. Yellow-poplar importance value increases, white oak group importance value increases, and site index were closely associated. Decreases in basal area were greatest in the SWB, and the SWB was the only treatment to significantly decrease overstory basal area. The RXF and SWB treatments improved the competitive status of only some oak species, but modifications to these treatments may result in better control of yellow-poplar and red maple competition, further improving oak's competitive status. Site specific factors such as elevation and site index may have impacted the regeneration layer response to treatments. / Master of Science / Oak-hickory (Quercus and Carya spp.) and oak-pine (Quercus and Pinus spp.) forest types occupy approximately 57 million and 11 million hectares of forestland in the eastern United States, respectively. Oaks are considered ecological and economic keystone species throughout the eastern U.S and maintenance of this genus in eastern U.S. forests has been a primary regional focus for decades. Historic disturbance regimes are estimated to have been much different than they are today. Fire was a common disturbance mechanism prior to fire suppression in the early 20th century. Frequent fires maintained much of the oak component historically. In the absence of fire, the species found in the understories of mature oak stands are commonly mesophytic species, such as yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera L.) and red maple (Acer rubrum L.). Over the last several decades, research has been conducted to investigate the impacts of treatments targeting the promotion of oak regeneration, but results have been varied and valuable long-term studies are rare. To determine the effects of treatments on the regeneration dynamics of oak and its competitors, four treatments were compared in the southern Appalachian Mountains. Treatments included a control, shelterwood harvest (SW), prescribed fire (RXF), and a shelterwood and burn (SWB). Stand structure and composition were monitored over a 9-year period post-treatment. Overall, results indicate the shelterwood and burn treatment has the greatest potential to improve the competitiveness of the red oak group in the regeneration layer, but yellow-poplar competition in the shelterwood and burn will need be addressed, considering its large increases in this treatment. Although increases in the red oak group were not as great as increases in the RXF treatment compared with the SWB, fire does show promise as a method to increase oak regeneration success. Changes in red oak group importance value varied with elevation, emphasizing results of treatments can be affected by site characteristics. Treatments were not successful at enhancing the competitive status of white oak (Quercus alba L.). Silvicultural treatments can be used to improve the competitive status of oak on sites in the southern Appalachian Mountains, but close monitoring of species dynamics throughout the rotation are needed to ensure long-term oak success.

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No. of bitstreams: 1 sereghetti_gc_dr_bot.pdf: 1562635 bytes, checksum: 2225496033e17769d06fa8ed8f5d8a3b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-11-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O estudo avaliou a qualidade do plantio em dois sistemas diferentes, o mecanizado utilizando o equipamento Bracke Forest P11.a e o manual (convencional), além de apresentar uma visão econômica em relação à primeira experiência da utilização deste equipamento no Brasil. O experimento foi dividido em três etapas, sendo que em duas foram avaliadas a qualidade silvicultural e as variáveis dendrométricas (diâmetro do colo, diâmetro à altura do peito e altura da planta). Essas etapas ocorreram nas cidades de Bocaiúva, MG, onde se conduziu o experimento sob quatro tratamentos com cinco repetições, em que cada repetição era constituída por 60 mudas do híbrido Eucalyptus urophylla x Eucalypytus camaldulensis. A segunda etapa foi realizada em Telêmaco Borba, PR, onde se implantaram dois tratamentos com oito repetições, constituídos de 60 mudas de Pinus taeda e a última etapa, referente ao estudo econômico do plantio de Eucalyptus urophylla x Eucalyptus grandis em dois espaçamentos 3 × 1 m e 3 × 1,5 m utilizando o conjunto plantador, ocorreu em Lençóis Paulista, SP. Para as análises de comparações entre os tratamentos da qualidade silvicultural e as variáveis dendrométricas foi utilizado o teste LSMeans, do procedimento Genmod, por meio do software estatístico SAS – Statistical Analysis System. Os custos das máquinas foram calculados de acordo com a metodologia desenvolvida pela European COST Action, resultando em duas unidades: Euro por hora efetiva da máquina (€ h-1) e euro por muda (€ muda-1). As avaliações silviculturais da qualidade dos plantios evidenciaram que nas variáveis de substrato totalmente exposto e plantio inclinado não houve diferenças significativas nos sistemas de plantio mecanizado e manual de Eucalyptus urophylla x Eucalyptus camaldulensis e para Pinus taeda as análises não apresentaram diferença estatística para as variáveis de substrato parcialmente exposto, substrato totalmente exposto e plantio inclinado para os dois sistemas de plantio. As variáveis dendrométricas de diâmetro à altura do peito e altura de plantas obtiveram maior desenvolvimento aos doze meses após o plantio, no sistema de plantio mecanizado de Eucalyptus urophylla x Eucalyptus camaldulensi. Enquanto que para o plantio de Pinus taeda os maiores desenvolvimentos em diâmetro de colo das plantas foram observados no sistema manual aos doze meses após o plantio. A avaliação econômica teve como resultado que o maior espaçamento, 3 × 1,5 m, apresentou 11,9 % a mais no custo final em relação ao menor espaçamento de 3 × 1 m. / The study evaluated the quality of planting in two different systems, mechanized using the Bracke Forest P11.a device and manual (conventional), besides to present an economic vision for the first experience of using this device in Brazil. The experiment was divided into three stages, and two were evaluated silvicultural quality and dendrometric variables (stem diameter, diameter at breast height and plant height). These stages occurred in the cities of Bocaiúva, MG, where the experiment was conducted under four treatments with five repetitions, in each repetition consisted of 60 seedlings of the hybrid Eucalyptus urophylla x Eucalypytus camaldulensis. The second stage was executed in Telemaco Borba - PR where implanted two treatments with eight replications, made up of 60 seedlings of Pinus taeda and the last stage, referring to the economic study of the planting of Eucalyptus urophylla x Eucalypytus grandis in two spacings 3 × 1 m 3 × 1.5 m using the planter group, occurred in Lençóis Paulista - SP. For the analysis of comparisons between treatments silvicultural quality and dendrometric variables was used LSMeans test, the Genmod procedure, using the statistical software SAS - Statistical Analysis System. The operation costs were calculated according to the methodology developed by the European COST Action, resulting in two units: Euro per hour effective machine (€ h-1) and euro for seedlings (€ seedlings-1). The evaluations of the silvicultural quality of the plantings resulted that the variables fully exposed substrate and the inclined planting there were no significant differences in the mechanized and manual planting systems of the Eucalyptus urophylla x Eucalypytus camaldulensis and the Pinus taeda analyzes showed no statistical difference in the variables of partially exposed substrate, fully exposed substrate and planting inclined to the two planting systems. The dendrometric variables of the diameter at breast height and plant height had higher development at the twelve months after planting in the mechanized planting system of the Eucalyptus urophylla x Eucalypytus camaldulensi. While for the Pinus taeda planting the higher developments in the stems diameters of the plants were observed in the manual planting system at the twelve months after planting. The economic evaluation had as resulted that in the wider spacing, 3 × 1.5 m, showed 11.9% more in the final cost in relation to the narrower spacing of 3 × 1 m.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2001. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 141-151).

Thesis (doctoral)--Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2001. / Appendix reprints five papers and manuscripts, four co-authored with others. Includes bibliographical references. Also partially issued electronically via World Wide Web in PDF format; online version lacks appendix.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Tufts University, 2001. / Adviser: J. Michael Reed. Submitted to the Dept. of Biology. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 115-144). Access restricted to members of the Tufts University community. Also available via the World Wide Web;

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 1998. / Vita. Includes bibliographic references (leaves [53]-56).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 1997. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references. Also available on the Internet.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 1997. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references. Also available on the Internet.