Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-04T18:31:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Paulo Cesar Barreto da Silva.pdf: 3934588 bytes, checksum: cbbb71074cd6c370e06fd00f5d3eabce (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-05 / New optical wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) networks are expected to utilize multiple bit rate channels. Moreover, each individual channels may carry over 200 Gb/s and occupy a bandwidth that exceeds the 50-GHz WDM fixed grid. In this scenario, spectral efficiency becomes an important issue and new channel allocation schemes need to be considered. An attractive solution for this problem is the utilization of a WDM grid with variable channel spacing, in the so-called elastic optical network (EON) approach. The main goal of this work is to propose algorithms to solve the spectral efficiency issue in emerging optical WDM networks. Such proposals are divided in two classes. The first one consists of allocating different spectral blocks for channels with different bit rates; this is named as the spectrum block division (SBD) scheme. The second class of our proposals is based on EON schemes. In this case, not only the enhancement of a previously reported algorithm, the Maximize Total Link Spectrum Consecutiveness (MTLSC) algorithm, is considered but also a new algorithm, the Shortest Path with Maximum number of Free Frequency Slot Units (SPMFF) is proposed. Another contribution of this work is the development of an EON simulator, called EONSim, based on JAVA programming language. This simulator was properly tested and reproduced the results of literature papers within a very good accuracy. All of our results were obtained with the aid of EONSim and suggest that the proposed algorithms yield a bandwidth occupation gain that varies from 7 to 18% higher than the one provided by traditional first-fit (FF) algorithms. Such algorithms also provide a blocking probability that is 2 to 8% lower than in FF strategy. On the other hand, it is found that algorithms with higher spectral efficiency use an average number of hops that is up to 16% higher than those necessary for algorithms that do not take bandwidth into account in channel allocation. / Novas redes ?pticas de multiplexa??o por divis?o de comprimento de onda (Wavelength Division Multiplexing, WDM) podem utilizar v?rios canais com taxas diferentes de bits. Al?m disso, cada um dos canais individuais pode transportar mais de 200 Gb/s e ocupar uma largura de banda que excede a grade fixa de 50 GHz da rede WDM. Neste cen?rio, a efici?ncia espectral torna-se uma quest?o importante e novos esquemas de aloca??o de canais precisam ser considerados. Uma solu??o atrativa para este problema ? a utiliza??o de uma rede WDM com espa?amento de canal vari?vel, na abordagem chamada rede ?ptica el?stica (EON). O principal objetivo do presente trabalho ? propor algoritmos para resolver a quest?o da efici?ncia espectral em redes ?pticas WDM emergentes. Tais propostas s?o divididas em duas classes. A primeira consiste em alocar diferentes blocos de espectro para canais com diferentes taxas de bits, o que ? apontado como esquema de divis?o de blocos de espectro (Spectrum Block Division, SBD). A segunda classe ? baseada em esquemas de EON. Neste caso, n?o s? o aperfei?oamento de um algoritmo previamente descrito por WANG (2012), o algoritmo Maximize Total Link Spectrum Consecutiveness (MTLSC), ? considerado, mas tamb?m um novo algoritmo, o Shortest Path with Maximum number of Free Frequency Slot Units (SPMFF) ? proposto. Outra contribui??o deste trabalho ? o desenvolvimento de um simulador de EON, chamado EONSim, com base na linguagem de programa??o JAVA. Este simulador foi devidamente testado e foram reproduzidos os resultados de WANG (2012) dentro de uma precis?o muito boa. Todos os resultados foram obtidos com a ajuda de EONSim e sugerem que os algoritmos propostos produzem um ganho de ocupa??o de banda, que varia de 7 a 18% mais elevada do que a fornecida pelo tradicional algoritmo First Fit (FF). Tais algoritmos tamb?m proporcionam uma probabilidade de bloqueio, que ? de 2 a 8% mais baixa do que na estrat?gia FF. Por outro lado, verifica-se que os algoritmos de melhor ocupa??o espectral utilizam um n?mero m?dio de saltos at? 16% mais elevado do que os necess?rios para os algoritmos de menor caminho, que n?o levam em conta a largura de banda de atribui??o de canal.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-04T18:31:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RICARDO VICENTE FAVERO.pdf: 1635235 bytes, checksum: d51f441103ff9f2ad94576b0bdd11b9f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-11-13 / The wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) optical network accommodates traffic load in 100, 50 and 25 GHz fixed-grid channel. This fixed-grid condition limits the number of lightpath for each optical fiber (80 channels in c-band) and doesn t allow bit rates with bandwidth over 50 GHz. To improve these factors, the flexibly grid elastic optical network (EON) was proposed, aiming accommodate adequately bit rates demand by customers. This proposal allows efficiency bandwidth and also expands bit rates supported by network. The EON bandwidth efficiency is obtained by routing and spectrum assignment (RSA) algorithm which acts to maximize the bandwidth utilization. Even with RSA, EON still show fragmentation rates substantial. In this context, this work proposes a new elastic optical network defragmentation strategy. This defragmentation strategy selects the lightpaths from the most fragmented link. The defragmentation process is based on RSA (DF-RSA). The DF-RSA determines the new position to reallocate the connection selected and performs. Using computer simulation of EON operation, were submitted several bit rates demands with different modulations format and traffic load between 45 and 100 erlang. Two simulation scenarios were proposed. The first one, compare the performance of RSA algorithm first-fit (FF) with and without defragmentation. It was considered as defragmentation process beginning point (trigger), the number of release connections. This scenario had until 48% of relative gain on minimizing blocking probability. The second scenario compared the performance of the follows RSA algorithms: FF, Maximize Path Spectrum Consecutiveness (MPSC) and Fragmentation Aware (FA). The FF was evaluated with and without defragmentation process and the others just with defragmentation process. The trigger employed was eventual connection blocked. The second scenario reached over the 80% blocking probability relative gain in 50 erlang traffic load. We conclude that the new elastic optical network defragmentation offers substantial gain bandwidth utilization and consequently blocking probability reduction. / As redes ?pticas de multiplexa??o por divis?o de comprimento de onda (WDM) acomodam o tr?fego em canais fixos de 100, 50 e 25 GHz. Esta condi??o de grade fixa limita o n?mero de conex?es por fibra ?ptica (80 canais na banda C), e n?o permite taxas de transmiss?o com ocupa??o espectral acima de 50 GHz. Para melhorar estes fatores, foram propostas as redes ?pticas el?sticas (EON) com canais flex?veis, visando acomodar adequadamente as taxas de transmiss?o demandas pelos usu?rios. Esta proposta possibilita maior efici?ncia espectral e tamb?m amplia as taxas de transmiss?o suportadas pela rede. A efici?ncia espectral nas EONs ? obtida com os algoritmos de roteamento e atribui??o espectral (Routing and Spectrum Assignment, RSA), que atuam para maximizar seu uso espectral. Mesmo com o uso de RSAs, as EONs ainda apresentam ?ndices de fragmenta??o consider?veis. Neste contexto, este trabalho prop?e uma nova estrat?gia de desfragmenta??o espectral para EONs. Esta proposta de desfragmenta??o seleciona as conex?es do enlace mais fragmentado, para o processo de desfragmenta??o. A desfragmenta??o baseia seu processo de realoca??o de conex?es por RSA, denominado DF-RSA. O DF-RSA determina a nova posi??o e realiza a realoca??o das conex?es. Com o uso de simula??o computacional da opera??o de funcionamento da EON, foram submetidas v?rias demandas de taxas de transmiss?o com diferentes modula??es e cargas de tr?fego entre 45 e 100 erlang. Foram propostos dois cen?rios de simula??o. No primeiro, foi comparado o desempenho do algoritmo RSA First-Fit (FF) com e sem o processo de desfragmenta??o. Considerou-se como ponto de inicio das desfragmenta??es (gatilho), o n?mero de conex?es liberadas da rede. Neste cen?rio obteve-se at? 48% de ganho relativo na minimiza??o da probabilidade de bloqueio. No segundo cen?rio, foram comparados os desempenhos dos seguintes algoritmos RSAs: FF, Maximize Path Spectrum Consecutiveness (MPSC) e Fragmentation Aware (FA). O FF foi avaliado com e sem desfragmenta??o e os demais somente com desfragmenta??o. Empregou-se como gatilho o eventual bloqueio de conex?o. O segundo cen?rio alcan?ou mais de 80% de ganho relativo de probabilidade de bloqueio para carga de tr?fego de 50 erlang. Conclui-se que a nova estrat?gia de desfragmenta??o para EONs oferece ganhos consider?veis na utiliza??o espectral e, consequentemente, redu??o na probabilidade de bloqueio.

Submitted by Fernanda Ciolfi (fernanda.ciolfi@puc-campinas.edu.br) on 2016-08-16T18:29:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Juliano Silva Mar?al.pdf: 14418180 bytes, checksum: e94d4d5adc61aeda0c174d60cabfa216 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-16T18:29:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Juliano Silva Mar?al.pdf: 14418180 bytes, checksum: e94d4d5adc61aeda0c174d60cabfa216 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-06-27 / Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica de Campinas ? PUC Campinas / In the current technological environment from the point of view of optical transmission, multiplexing technologies for wavelength division (Wavelength Oivision Multiplexing - WOM) working with fixed 50 GHz grid will not support the existing demand for the next 10 years. This scarcity occurs due to several reasons: channels with fixed width of 50 GHz, limitation of 80 optical channels per link, maximum transmission capacity of 100 Gb / s per channel. In search of viable forward solutions to this paradigm that presents technology proposal comes known as Optical Networks Elastic (Elastic Optical Network - EON), a technology that enables optical channels with bandwidths of 3,125, 6,250, 12,500, 25 and 50 GHz transmission capability of rates supported by the WOM yet rates of 200 Gb / s, 400 Gb / s and 1 Tb / s, and can be implemented on the same optical infrastructure WOM already existing thus corresponding to a highly cost less if compared to deployment of new networks. The efficiency of this proposed new technology is mainly in routing algorithms and spectral assignment (Routing and Spectrum Assignment - RSA) aimed at maximizing network availability of resources by reducing the likelihood of blocking. The use of RSAs on the EONS networks fragmentation results in the generation of reducing the availability of network resources. Within this scenario, the present work-studies the feasibility of defragmentation use based on the relocation of the link to submit further fragmentation indexo This paper studies the adoption of two indices: consecutiveness index and more FSUs index busy, both indexes allow the selection of the link to be defragmented. The results of this study were obtained from the development of version 5 of the simulator Elastic Optical Network Simulator (EONSim). To obtain the results, different transmission rates were evenly distributed for each traffic load between 45 and 100 Erlang (E), the First-Fit RSA (FF) was adopted for ali the simulations to reduce the defragmentation processing were performed from an R number of released connections (R = 10, R = 50 and R = 100). For the scenario using the consecutiveness index gain of up to 44 was measured to 55 E and average gain of 15 compared to results without defragmentation scenario for the use of higher index number of occupied FSUs, gain was observed 26 to 55 E and average gain of 10. From the results it can be concluded that the adoption of defragmentation strategies for eons networks are likely to be used since they have decreased blocking probability and increase the availability of network resources. / Na atual conjuntura tecnol?gica do ponto de vista de transmiss?es ?pticas, as tecnologias de multiplexa??o por divis?o de comprimento de onda (Wavelength Oivision Multiplexing - WOM) que trabalham com grade fixa de 50 GHz n?o ir?o comportar a demanda existente para os pr?ximos 10 anos. Esta escassez ocorre por v?rios motivos: canais com largura fixa de 50 GHz, limita??o de 80 canais ?pticos por enlace, capacidade m?xima de transmiss?o de 100 Gb/s por canal. Em busca de solu??es vi?veis frente a este paradigma que se apresenta, surge a proposta da tecnologia conhecida como Redes ?pticas El?sticas (Elastic Optical Network- EON), uma tecnologia que permite canais ?pticos com larguras de banda de 3.125, 6.250, 12.500, 25 e 50 GHz, capacidade de transmiss?o das taxas suportadas pela tecnologia WDM e ainda taxas de 200 Gb/s, 400 Gb/s e 1 Tb/s, e podem ser implantadas sobre a mesma infraestrutura ?ptica WDM j? existente correspondendo assim a um custo altamente inferior se comparado a implanta??o de novas redes. A efici?ncia desta nova proposta de tecnologia est? principalmente nos algoritmos de roteamento e atribui??o espectral (Routing and Spectrum Assignment - RSA) que visam a maximiza??o dos recursos de disponibilidade da rede atrav?s da diminui??o da probabilidade de bloqueio. O uso do RSA resulta na gera??o de fragmenta??o diminuindo a disponibilidade de recursos da rede. Dentro deste cen?rio, o presente trabalho estuda a viabilidade do uso de desfragmenta??o baseada na realoca??o sobre o enlace que apresentar maior ?ndice de fragmenta??o e analisa a ado??o de dois ?ndices: ?ndice de consecutividade e ?ndice de maior n?mero de FSUs ocupados, para a sele??o do enlace a ser desfragmentado. Os resultados deste estudo foram obtidos a partir do desenvolvimento da vers?o 5 do simulador Elastic Op tica I Network Simulator (EONSim). Para a obten??o dos resultados, diferentes taxas de transmiss?o foram distribu?das uniformemente para cada uma carga de tr?fego entre 45 e 100 erlang (E), o RSA First-Fit (FF) foi adotado para todas as simula??es, para diminuir o processamento as desfragmenta??es foram executadas a partir de um n?mero R de conex?es liberadas (R= 10, R= 50 e R= 100). Para o cen?rio utilizando o ?ndice de consecutividade, foi aferido ganho de at? 44 para 55 E e ganho m?dio de 15 quando comparado aos resultados do cen?rio sem desfragmenta??o, para o uso do ?ndice de maior n?mero de FSUs ocupados, foi observado ganho de 26 para 55 E com ganho m?dio de 10. A partir dos resultados obtidos ? poss?vel concluir que a ado??o de estrat?gias de desfragmenta??o para redes EONs s?o pass?veis de serem utilizadas pois apresentam diminui??o da probabilidade de bloqueio e aumento da disponibilidade dos recursos da rede