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Thesis (M.S.)--Oregon State University, 2009. / Printout. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 57-58). Also available on the World Wide Web.

Les écoulements diphasiques en fracture se produisent dans de nombreuses applications industrielles et environnementales. Pour modéliser ces écoulements, il est important de connaître le rôle des caractéristiques géométriques des surfaces constituant les fractures.L’objectif de ce travail de thèse est d’étudier expérimentalement les écoulements diphasiques et la dispersion de traceurs dans des fractures réelles dont on connaît la cartographie des surfaces et d’en proposer une modélisation adéquate.L’écoulement diphasique inertiel a été modélisé à l’aide de la généralisation de la loi de Darcy couplée à l’approche de la fonction F. Le modèle proposé permet de prédire les perméabilités relatives et les saturations en fonction des débits des deux fluides avec deux paramètres d’ajustement.Les profils de concentration obtenus lors des expériences de dispersion ont été interprétés avec différents modèles afin d'évaluer leur capacité à décrire la dispersion dans les fractures et donc l’hétérogénéité de celles-ci. Les résultats montrent que le modèle stratifié, avec un seul paramètre estimé, donne des résultats satisfaisants et permet de quantifier l'hétérogénéité.Enfin, avec cinq paramètres estimés, à partir de la courbe de la concentration de traceur à la sortie des fractures, le modèle CTRW permet de décrire avec une bonne précision les profils de concentration de toutes les abscisses / The two-phase flows through fractures occur in many industrial and environmental processes.Modelling these flows needs understanding the role of geometric characteristics of the fractures surfaces. The objective of this thesis is to study experimentally the two-phase flow and the dispersion of tracers in fractures which the aperture map is known and propose a suitable model.The inertial two-phase flow model is based on the generalization of the single-phase full cubiclaw that accounts for non-Darcian effects by using the F function approach. On this approach,the presence of a second fluid is taken into account through a multiplier function introduced into the superficial velocity of each fluid. This model let us predict the relative permeability and the saturation as a function of the two fluid flows with two adjustment parameters.The concentration profiles obtained during dispersion experiments were interpreted with different models to study their ability to describe the dispersion in fractures and hence the heterogeneity of them. The results show that the classical convection-dispersion is not appropriate due to the heterogeneity of the fractures. On the other hand, the stratified model,with only one estimated parameter, gives satisfactory results and allows quantifying heterogeneity. Finally, with five estimated parameters, from the concentration curve at the outlet of the fractures, the CTRW model can describe the concentration profiles of all abscissas with good accuracy

Thesis (M.S.)--Rochester Institute of Technology, 2007. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 74-76).

Thesis (M. S.)--Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2008. / Committee Chair: Dr. Seyed M. Ghiaasiaan; Committee Member: Dr. Marc K. Smith; Committee Member: Dr. Sheldon M. Jeter

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Rochester Institute of Technology, 2005. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 179-189).

A presente dissertação tem como objetivo principal estudar a propagação acústica em escoamentos monofásicos. Para tal, são analisados sinais transientes de pressão fornecidos por sensores instalados em posições conhecidas na linha de teste, através do estudo de técnicas de análise de sinais, a fim de investigar se as variações do conteúdo espectral dos sinais são influenciadas pela ocorrência de vazamentos no duto. A análise dos sinais foi realizada nos planos temporal, frequencial, tempo-frequência e estatístico. Os resultados experimentais foram obtidos no oleoduto piloto do NETeF - Núcleo de Engenharia Térmica e Fluidos da USP - Universidade de São Paulo, com uma seção de testes com 1500 metros e diâmetro de 51,2 mm, com escoamento monofásico de água. Os resultados obtidos através da análise tempo-frequência mostraram-se satisfatórios, sendo esta técnica capaz de identificar a composição espectral instantânea de um sinal, ou seja, foi eficiente na identificação de picos de amplitude da frequência ao longo do eixo temporal. Além disso, a análise probabilística, através do desvio-padrão do sinal também mostrou-se eficiente exibindo uma disparidade significativa entre os sinais com e sem vazamento. / The present dissertation reports on the study of the acoustic propagation in single-phase flow. It analyzes the transient signals provided by pressure sensors in known locations in the test line through the study of signal analysis techniques to investigate if the variations in spectral content of the signals are influenced by the occurrence of leaks in the pipe. The analysis of signals was performed in the time, frequency, time-frequency and statistical plans. The experimental results were obtained in a 1500 meter-long and 51.2 millimeter-diameter pilot pipeline at the Center of Thermal Engineering and Fluids, with single-phase flow of water. The results obtained by time-frequency analysis were satisfactory, allowing identifying the spectral composition of an instantaneous signal, i.e., the analysis was effective in identifying the frequency amplitude peaks along the time axis. Moreover, probabilistic analysis using the standard deviation of the signal was also efficient, displaying a significant disparity between the signals with and without leakage.

A presente dissertação tem como objetivo principal estudar a propagação acústica em escoamentos monofásicos. Para tal, são analisados sinais transientes de pressão fornecidos por sensores instalados em posições conhecidas na linha de teste, através do estudo de técnicas de análise de sinais, a fim de investigar se as variações do conteúdo espectral dos sinais são influenciadas pela ocorrência de vazamentos no duto. A análise dos sinais foi realizada nos planos temporal, frequencial, tempo-frequência e estatístico. Os resultados experimentais foram obtidos no oleoduto piloto do NETeF - Núcleo de Engenharia Térmica e Fluidos da USP - Universidade de São Paulo, com uma seção de testes com 1500 metros e diâmetro de 51,2 mm, com escoamento monofásico de água. Os resultados obtidos através da análise tempo-frequência mostraram-se satisfatórios, sendo esta técnica capaz de identificar a composição espectral instantânea de um sinal, ou seja, foi eficiente na identificação de picos de amplitude da frequência ao longo do eixo temporal. Além disso, a análise probabilística, através do desvio-padrão do sinal também mostrou-se eficiente exibindo uma disparidade significativa entre os sinais com e sem vazamento. / The present dissertation reports on the study of the acoustic propagation in single-phase flow. It analyzes the transient signals provided by pressure sensors in known locations in the test line through the study of signal analysis techniques to investigate if the variations in spectral content of the signals are influenced by the occurrence of leaks in the pipe. The analysis of signals was performed in the time, frequency, time-frequency and statistical plans. The experimental results were obtained in a 1500 meter-long and 51.2 millimeter-diameter pilot pipeline at the Center of Thermal Engineering and Fluids, with single-phase flow of water. The results obtained by time-frequency analysis were satisfactory, allowing identifying the spectral composition of an instantaneous signal, i.e., the analysis was effective in identifying the frequency amplitude peaks along the time axis. Moreover, probabilistic analysis using the standard deviation of the signal was also efficient, displaying a significant disparity between the signals with and without leakage.

Ce travail de thèse porte sur l’étude des pertes de pression pour des écoulements monophasiques et diphasiques inertiels au travers de milieux poreux. Son objectif est d’aider à la compréhension et à la modélisation des transferts de quantité de mouvement à l’intérieur de lits de particules, en lien avec la problématique de la gestion d’un accident grave dans un réacteur nucléaire. En effet, lors d’un tel accident, la dégradation du coeur du réacteur peut amener celui-ci à s’effondrer pour former un lit de débris, que l’on peut assimiler à un milieu poreux à haute température et dégageant de la chaleur. Ce travail de thèse s’inscrit dans un projet de recherche en sûreté nucléaire visant à prédire la refroidissabilité d’un lit de débris par injection d’eau, ou « renoyage ». Une étude expérimentale des pertes de pression pour des écoulements monodimensionnels monophasiques et diphasiques à froid est proposée dans des situations représentatives du cas réacteur, en termes de granulométrie, de formes de particules et de vitesses d’écoulement. Les expériences réalisées apportent un complément important aux données existantes, en permettant notamment d’explorer les domaines d’écoulements diphasiques avec nombres de Reynolds liquides non nuls, tout en mesurant le taux de vide, ce qui est essentiel pour une modélisation. Des modèles prédictifs pour les pertes de pression à l’intérieur d’écoulements monophasiques et diphasiques au travers de lits de particules sont établis à partir des structures d’équations obtenues par une prise de moyenne volumique des équations de conservation locales. L’observation des écoulements monophasiques montrent que des lois de type Darcy-Forchheimer avec une correction quadratique en vitesse de filtration sont à même de prédire les pertes de pression avec une précision supérieure à 10%. Une étude numérique a montré que ce résultat est applicable pour un lit désordonné de particules peu rugueuses. L’étude des écoulements diphasiques montre qu’une structure d’équations de type Darcy-Forchheimer généralisée, incluant des termes supplémentaires pour prendre en compte les effets inertiels et les frottements interfaciaux, permet de reproduire le comportement des pertes de pression dans cette situation. Un nouveau modèle est proposé, et comparé aux données expérimentales et aux modèles utilisés dans les codes de simulation des accidents graves. / This work deals with single and two-phase flow pressure losses in porous media. The aim is to improve understanding and modeling of momentum transfer inside particle beds, in relation with nuclear safety issues concerning the reflooding of debris beds during severe nuclear accidents. Indeed, the degradation of the core during such accidents can lead to the collapse of the fuel assemblies, and to the formation of a debris bed, which can be described as a hot porous medium. This thesis is included in a nuclear safety research project on coolability of debris beds during reflooding sequences. An experimental study of single and two-phase cold-flow pressure losses in particle beds is proposed. The geometrical characteristics of the debris and the hydrodynamic conditions are representative of the real case, in terms of granulometry, particle shapes, and flow velocities. The new data constitute an important contribution. In particular, they contain pressure losses and void fraction measurements in two-phase air-water flows with non-zero liquid Reynolds numbers, which did not exist before. Predictive models for pressure losses in single and two-phase flow through particle beds have been established from experimental data. Their structures are based on macroscopic equations obtained from the volume averaging of local conservation equations. Single-phase flow pressure losses can be described by a Darcy-Forchheimer law with a quadratic correction, in terms of filtration velocity, with a better-than-10 % precision. Numerical study of single-phase flows through porous media shows that this correlation is valid for disordered smooth particle beds. Twophase flow pressure losses are described using a generalized Darcy-Forchheimer structure, involving inertial and cross flow terms. A new model is proposed and compared to the experimental data and to the usual models used in severe accident simulation codes.

Pressure drop across miniature-scale flow disturbances, including abrupt flow area changes, is an important source of error and confusion in the literature. Such pressure drops are frequently encountered in experiments, where they are often estimated using methods and correlations that have been developed based on experimental data obtained in conventional systems. However, physical arguments as well as the relatively few available experimental observations indicate that such pressure drops in microchannel systems are likely to be different than what is known about similar phenomena in conventional flow systems. Experimental data dealing with pressure drop associated with two-phase flow across abrupt flow area changes in microchannels are scarce, however, and the available data are insufficient for the development of reliable predictive methods. In this investigation, experiments were conducted using a test section consisting of two capillaries, one with 0.84 mm, and the other with 1.6 mm inner diameters. A multitude of pressure transducer ports were installed along the two capillaries, and allowed for the measurement of the pressure gradients over the entire test section. The test section allowed for the measurement of frictional pressure gradients in the two straight channels, as well as pressure drops caused by the flow area expansion and contraction depending on the flow direction, for single-phase as well as two-phase flows. These measurements were performed over a wide range of parameters, using air as the gaseous phase, and room-temperature water as the liquid phase. The single-phase flow data were compared with existing conventional correlations, and with predictions of CFD simulations using the Fluent computer code.