Der serielle Holzbau bietet durch seine Vorfertigungsmöglichkeit großes Potenzial zur Bewältigung der aktuellen Herausforderungen der deutschen Bauwirtschaft. Trotz dieses Potenzials verläuft der Übergang von der konventionellen Massivbauweise zum seriellen Holzbau nur langsam. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, die Gründe für diesen langsamen Transformationsprozess zu untersuchen. Hierzu wer- den umfassende Einblicke in die Einsatzmöglichkeiten, Chancen und Herausforderungen sowie das Marktpotenzial der seriellen Holzbauweise gegeben. Die Wertschöpfungskette des seriellen Holzbaus kann variierend modular gestaltet werden, was zu unterschiedlichen Vorfertigungsstufen führt. Diese reichen von linearen über flächige bis hin zu raumbildenden Elementen, woraus eine abgestufte Komplexitätsreduktion auf der Baustelle resul- tiert. Wenn es um den Bau im Bestand geht, erweist sich die serielle Bauweise insbesondere bei Auf- stockungsmaßnahmen und energetischen Sanierungen als geeignet. Durch sein geringes Gewicht bei gleichzeitig hoher Tragfähigkeit weist Holz die optimalen Materialeigenschaften für diese Bautä- tigkeiten auf.:1 Einleitung 1 1.1 Ausgangslage und Problemstellung 1 1.2 Zielsetzung 2 1.3 Struktur der Arbeit 2 1.4 Begriffsdefinition 2 2 Serielles Bauen 3 2.1 Begrifflichkeit 3 2.2 Fertigteilbau (Lineare Elemente) 4 2.3 Systembau (Flächige Elemente) 5 2.4 Modulares Bauen (Raumbildende Elemente) 7 3 Serielles Sanieren 9 3.1 Effizienzsteigerung des Baubestands 9 3.1.1 Energetische Sanierung 9 3.1.2 Aufstockung 11 3.1.3 Erweiterungen 12 3.2 Beispiel einer vollumfänglichen Sanierung 13 4 Chancen 14 4.1 Ökologie 14 4.1.1 CO2 -Speicher 14 4.1.2 Substitution fossiler Rohstoffe 14 4.1.3 Abfall und Transportwege 16 4.2 Ökonomie 16 4.2.1 Baukosten 16 4.2.2 Kostensicherheit 18 4.2.3 Staatliche Förderungen 18 4.3 Vorfertigung 19 4.3.1 Qualität 19 4.3.2 Fachkräftemangel 19 4.3.3 Bauzeit 20 5 Herausforderungen 21 5.1 Planungsphase 21 5.1.1 Planungsaufwand 21 5.1.2 Brandschutz 22 5.1.3 Vergabeverfahren 24 5.2 Standardisierungsgrad 25 5.3 Ausführungsphase 26 5.3.1 Transportlogistik 26 5.3.2 Produktionskapazitäten 26 6 Wirtschaftlichkeit 27 6.1 Branchenstruktur 27 6.2 Marktlage 28 6.2.1 Branchenumsätze 28 6.2.2 Holzbauquote 30 6.3 Marktpotenziale 32 7 Fazit 35 EIDESSTATTLICHE ERKLÄRUNG VI LITERATURVERZEICHNIS VII ONLINE-QUELLEN IX ABKÜRZUNGSVERZEICHNIS XI ABBILDUNGSVERZEICHNIS XII TABELLENVERZEICHNIS XIII

In the first paper, the effects of trade openness and conflict risk on income inequality are investigated. I obtain that the effect of trade openness on inequality depends on the level of conflict risk. More precisely, there exists a threshold effect: trade openness worsens income inequality in countries where the risk of internal and external conflicts is high. Moreover, I find that countries with higher risk of conflicts are more unequal, and that more ethnically diverse countries increase income inequality. Finally, I obtain that democratic regimes decrease inequality. In the second paper, we analyze the general-equilibrium consequences of property right enforcement in the natural resource sector. Assuming that exclusion requires both private and public enforcement efforts, we compare states that differ by their ability to provide protection services. This ability is referred to as state capacity. We obtain that public protection services can effectively act as either substitutes or complements to private enforcement, and this strongly depends on state capacity. Under low state capacity, an increase in state protection services leads to a drop in national income as labor is drawn away from the directly productive activities. The opposite holds for high-capacity states. As a result, public protection services have an ambiguous effect on national income even though they can unambiguously increase resource rents. In the third paper, we argue that the right to hold dual citizenship can generate important social and economic benefits beyond its political dimension. We assemble a large panel dataset on dual citizenship. We find that in developing countries, dual citizenship recognition increases remittance inflows by US$1.19 billion, GDP and household consumption, and improves child survival. In developed countries, however, dual citizenship recognition decreases remittance inflows by US$1.44 billion, but increases FDI by US$828 billion, raises household consumption, gross capital formation and trade, and provides incentives for skilled workers to move to other countries.

In the first paper, the effects of trade openness and conflict risk on income inequality are investigated. I obtain that the effect of trade openness on inequality depends on the level of conflict risk. More precisely, there exists a threshold effect: trade openness worsens income inequality in countries where the risk of internal and external conflicts is high. Moreover, I find that countries with higher risk of conflicts are more unequal, and that more ethnically diverse countries increase income inequality. Finally, I obtain that democratic regimes decrease inequality. In the second paper, we analyze the general-equilibrium consequences of property right enforcement in the natural resource sector. Assuming that exclusion requires both private and public enforcement efforts, we compare states that differ by their ability to provide protection services. This ability is referred to as state capacity. We obtain that public protection services can effectively act as either substitutes or complements to private enforcement, and this strongly depends on state capacity. Under low state capacity, an increase in state protection services leads to a drop in national income as labor is drawn away from the directly productive activities. The opposite holds for high-capacity states. As a result, public protection services have an ambiguous effect on national income even though they can unambiguously increase resource rents. In the third paper, we argue that the right to hold dual citizenship can generate important social and economic benefits beyond its political dimension. We assemble a large panel dataset on dual citizenship. We find that in developing countries, dual citizenship recognition increases remittance inflows by US$1.19 billion, GDP and household consumption, and improves child survival. In developed countries, however, dual citizenship recognition decreases remittance inflows by US$1.44 billion, but increases FDI by US$828 billion, raises household consumption, gross capital formation and trade, and provides incentives for skilled workers to move to other countries.

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In the first paper, the effects of trade openness and conflict risk on income inequality are investigated. I obtain that the effect of trade openness on inequality depends on the level of conflict risk. More precisely, there exists a threshold effect: trade openness worsens income inequality in countries where the risk of internal and external conflicts is high. Moreover, I find that countries with higher risk of conflicts are more unequal, and that more ethnically diverse countries increase income inequality. Finally, I obtain that democratic regimes decrease inequality. In the second paper, we analyze the general-equilibrium consequences of property right enforcement in the natural resource sector. Assuming that exclusion requires both private and public enforcement efforts, we compare states that differ by their ability to provide protection services. This ability is referred to as state capacity. We obtain that public protection services can effectively act as either substitutes or complements to private enforcement, and this strongly depends on state capacity. Under low state capacity, an increase in state protection services leads to a drop in national income as labor is drawn away from the directly productive activities. The opposite holds for high-capacity states. As a result, public protection services have an ambiguous effect on national income even though they can unambiguously increase resource rents. In the third paper, we argue that the right to hold dual citizenship can generate important social and economic benefits beyond its political dimension. We assemble a large panel dataset on dual citizenship. We find that in developing countries, dual citizenship recognition increases remittance inflows by US$1.19 billion, GDP and household consumption, and improves child survival. In developed countries, however, dual citizenship recognition decreases remittance inflows by US$1.44 billion, but increases FDI by US$828 billion, raises household consumption, gross capital formation and trade, and provides incentives for skilled workers to move to other countries.