The radiological hazards from tritium are usually associated with exposure to tritium oxide either by inhalation, ingestion or permeation through skin. However, exposure from skin-contact with tritium gas contaminated surfaces represents a different radiological hazard in tritium removal facilities and future fusion power plants. Previous experiments on humans by Eakins et al. (8), and more recent experiments on hairless rats at Chalk River Laboratories have shown that when a tritium gas-contaminated surface is brought into contact with intact skin, high concentrations of organically-bound tritium in urine and skin are observed which were not seen from single tritiated water (liquid or vapour form) contamination. The results of the rat experiments, which involved measurements of tritium activity in urine and skin, after contact with contaminated stainless steel, are described. These results are also compared to previous data from human experiments. The effect of various exposure conditions and different contaminated surfaces such as brass, aluminum and glass are analysed and related to the results from contaminated stainless steel exposure. Dosimetric models are being developed in order to improve the basis for dose assessment for this mode of tritium uptake. The presently studied model is explained along with the assumptions and methods involved in its derivation. The features of 'STELLA', the software program used to implement the model, are discussed. The methods used to estimate skin and whole body dose from a model are demonstrated. Finally, some experiments for improving the accuracy of the model are proposed. Briefly, this study compares the results from animal and human experiments as well as different exposure conditions, and determine the range of whole body and skin dose that may be involved from skin-contact intake. This information is essential for regulatory purposes particularly in the derivation of doses for skin-contact contamination. / Thesis / Master of Science (MS)

In character animation achieving realistic deformations of the skin is a challenging task. Geometric skinning techniques, such as smooth blending or dual-quaternions, are very popular for their high performance but fail to produce convincing deformations. They look too soft compared to human skin deformation at a rigid bone joint. In addition advanced effects such as skin contacts or bulges are not taken into account. Other methods make use of physical simulation or volume control to better capture the skin behavior, yet they cannot deliver real-time feedback. We developed a novel skinning framework called implicit skinning. Our method produces visually plausible deformations in real-time by handling realistic skin contacts and bulges between limbs. Implicit skinning exploits the ability of implicit surfaces to be robustly combined as well as their efficient collision detection. By approximating the mesh by a set of implicit surfaces, we are able to guide the deformation of a mesh character. we can combine the implicit surfaces in real-time, and use the final implicit surface to adjust the position of mesh vertices at each animation step. Since collision detection is very efficient using implicit surfaces we achieve skin contacts between limbs at interactive to real-time frame rates. In this thesis we present the complete implicit skinning framework, that is, the conversion of a mesh character to implicit surfaces, the composition operators and the mesh deformation algorithm on top of the implicit surface. Two deformation algorithms are studied: a fast history dependent algorithm which acts as a post process on top of dual-quaternions skinning and a slower yet more robust history dependent algorithm. / Graduate

Yes / A composite silicone skin adhesive material was designed to improve its water vapor permeability to offer advantages to wearer comfort compared to existing skin adhesive dressings available (including perforated silicone and hydrocolloid products). The chemical and mechanical properties of this novel dressing were analyzed to show that it has a high creep compliance, offering anisotropic elasticity that is likely to place less stress on the skin. A participant study was carried out in which 31 participants wore a novel silicone skin adhesive (Sil2) and a hydrocolloid competitor and were monitored for physiological response to the dressings. Trans-epidermal water loss (TEWL) was measured pre- and postwear to determine impairment of skin barrier function. Sil2 exhibited a higher vapor permeability than the hydrocolloid dressings during wear. Peel strength measurements and dye counter staining of the removed dressings showed that the hydrocolloid had a higher adhesion to the participants’ skin, resulting in a greater removal of proteins from the stratum corneum and a higher pain rating from participants on removal. Once the dressings were removed, TEWL of the participants skin beneath the Sil2 was close to normal in comparison to the hydrocolloid dressings that showed an increase in skin TEWL, indicating that the skin had been highly occluded. Analysis of the skin immediately after removal showed a higher incidence of erythema following application of hydrocolloid dressings (>60%) compared to Sil2, ( / T.S. received partial funding to study skin adhesive materials from a Medical Research Council Confidence in Concept grant obtained by John Bridgeman at the University of Bradford (MC_PC_19030). Initial formulation and characterization work benchmarking the Sil2 material was funded in part by Trio Healthcare Ltd., who have had no role in the analysis or interpretation of the data presented. All data was obtained independently by staff at the University of Bradford. We also wish to thank the Royal Society of Chemistry for funding Edward Dyson’s position as a research technician via a Research Enablement Grant (E21-8346952505).

The old practice of separating the mother-baby-dyad was without measurable benefits to mothers or their infants. Evidence has shown that skin-to-skin care (SSC) prevents hypothermia and hypoglycemia, decreases crying during painful procedures in newborns, and reduces maternal anxiety, stress, and postpartum depression. Rooming-in care (RIC) has been linked to an increase in the rate of breastfeeding and mother-infant interaction, as well as a decrease in the infant morbidity rate. This project assessed the effect of an educational intervention to increase rates of SSC and RIC in an obstetric unit, in addition to measuring nurses' attitudes and barriers in relation to SSC and RIC. The obstetric nurses received educational content related to SSC and RIC based on Kotter's model of change. A pre and postintervention evaluation showed a significant increase in the rates of SSC and RIC from pretest of 10%, to posttest of 96%; and RIC from pretest of 10% to posttest of 92%. Using a Wilcoxon test, a significant difference was found from pretest to posttest for every subscale score of the Mother-Newborn Skin-to-Skin Contact Questionnaire and Nurse Attitudes and Barriers to nonseparation Scale (p < 0.001), with the exception of belief about obstacles for SSC, which yielded a nonsignificant change (p = 0.57). This DNP project led to changes in the organization's culture, including the closure of the well-baby nursery. This project promoted social change across the organization, in that the team health care providers delivered evidence-based, standardized, unbiased, and family-centered care to the mother-baby dyad.

Kangaroo care (KC) is a cost-efficient method to increase infant-parent bonding and neonatal health outcomes worldwide. Despite evidence supporting KC in critically ill infants, nursing perceptions regarding patient safety and interrupted work flow continued to impede practice in the local high-tech neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Their current policy failed to address the 2-person transfer method recommended for safe practice. In addition, both staff and parents lacked training and education regarding the benefits and feasibility of KC. This doctoral project aimed to decrease practice barriers and promote earlier and more frequent KC by developing and integrating an evidence-based clinical pathway within a multifaceted champion-based simulated educational training program for NICU staff and parents. Published outcomes and generated organizational data for program synthesis connected the gap in practice. Kolcaba's comfort theory served as the guiding framework to ensure a partnership in care. This quasi-experimental quantitative study used the generalized liner model for data analysis. Study findings indicated that KC occurred 2.4 more times after the intervention compared to before (p = 0.001). Descriptive data revealed that KC episodes for intubated patients nearly doubled after implementation (11.1% from 6.2%). Post-survey scores for nursing knowledge and comfort level also improved after the intervention. Although earlier KC practice was non-conclusive (p = 0.082), future trials should control groups for day of life since admission. Disseminating the KC pathway can have a positive social change on family-centered care by increasing NICU nurses' knowledge, comfort, and adoption of this evidence-based practice as an expected routine standard of care.

No description available.

Dix chaussettes ont été étudiées, toutes en coton : quatre d’entre elles pour évaluer l’influencede la structure tricotée sur le frottement (jerseys bouclette, simple, double et ponts de fil), trois sontidentiques au titre du fil près, et les trois dernières à la pointure près. Nous nous sommes attachés aucas des phlyctènes apparaissant lors de la course à pied. Les zones du pied sujettes aux ampoules ontété déterminées grâce à un sondage. La pression s’exerçant sur ces zones et la fréquence des fouléesont été mesurées. Nous avons ainsi programmé une platine oscillante qui reproduit le frottement dansla chaussure. Les mesures obtenues sur ce dispositif ont été comparées à celles du Textile FrictionAnalyser de l’EMPA. En croisant ces résultats avec des mesures de compression et une premièreapproche de test d’absorption des chocs, nous avons observé que le jersey simple est plus indiquédans le cas de la marche car il exerce un frottement moins important que la bouclette et apporte unmeilleur amortissement quasi-statique. Dans le cas de la course à pied, il reste à déterminer si le choca un effet plus dommageable que le frottement et la compression exercée sur la peau. Si le choc estprimordial, le jersey bouclette sera recommandé, sinon le jersey simple. Nous avons développé unmodèle du frottement textile-peau en nous intéressant tout d’abord au cas des tricots bouclette. Lemouvement des bouclettes lors d’un cycle de frottement est assimilé à une rotation entre un anglemaximal en sens bouclette et un angle maximal en sens inverse. Ce modèle donne des résultats trèsproches de l’expérience. / Ten cotton-made athletic socks were studied: four in order to evaluate the influence of theknitted structure on the sock - to - skin friction (terry, simple, double and yarn bridges jerseys), threediffer from the yarn count and three from the size. We focused our research on the case of skinblisters generated during running. The areas of the foot where these skin affections may appear weredetermined using a survey. The pressure exerted on these areas and the stride frequency weremeasured whereby a linear alternative tribometer reproducing the friction in the shoe has beenprogrammed. The results obtained on this device were compared with the results obtained on theEMPA’s Textile Friction Analyser. Complementary compression and shock absorption tests wererealised. It was observed that the best knitted structure for hiking socks is the simple jersey structure.For running socks, if the effect of the friction force and the compression energy is more importantthan the influence of the maximal compression force on the formation of blisters, then we recommendwearing simple jersey otherwise we advise to wear terry jersey socks. A discrete model for thefriction of textile surfaces recovered with terries in contact with the skin is proposed. Terries aresupposed to rotate from an initial to a final position both in the forward and the reverse direction.After fitting, theoretical and experimental results are very similar.

Estudos atuais mencionam os efeitos benéficos proporcionados pelo aleitamento materno e contato pele-a-pele no alívio da dor aguda em RN. A maioria dos estudos que trazem a amamentação como medida de alívio da dor aguda durante a administração da vacina intramuscular são feitos com bebês com mais de dois meses de idade. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da amamentação materna na resposta à dor e ao estresse do RN submetido à vacina intramuscular contra Hepatite B, em comparação ao contato pele-a-pele. Trata-se de um estudo analítico de caráter experimental, do tipo ensaio clínico randomizado, realizado no Centro de Referência da Saúde da Mulher de Ribeirão Preto - MATER, no período de janeiro de 2009 a maio de 2010. A amostra constituiu-se de 55 bebês a termo que foram divididos aleatoriamente em dois grupos: grupo A (contato pele-a-pele), composto por 28 RN, que foram mantidos por 5 minutos em berço comum (período basal), 15 minutos em contato pele-a-pele antes da administração da vacina, (período de tratamento), durante todo o período de antissepsia/ injeção, durante a compressão e até 5 minutos após o término do procedimento (período de recuperação); e grupo B (aleitamento materno), composto por 27 RN, que foram mantidos em berço comum por 5 minutos (período basal), 5 minutos em contato pele-a-pele iniciando no 5° minuto o aleitamento materno (10 minutos no período de tratamento) e sendo mantidos nesta condição durante a antissepsia/ injeção, o período de compressão, e a recuperação (5 minutos após o término da compressão). O projeto foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Instituição e pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da EERP - USP, e o Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido foi firmado com as mães dos RN antes da coleta dos dados. O procedimento de coleta constituiu-se da monitorização da frequência cardíaca e filmagem para posterior análise das manifestações comportamentais (mímica facial por meio da escala NFCS adaptada) e fisiológicas dos RN. Os resultados dos grupos A e B foram comparados em todos os períodos. A normalidade das distribuições das variáveis quantitativas foi testada por meio do teste de Kolmorogov-Smirnov. Se normalmente distribuídos, foi utilizada a ANOVA. O teste de Mann-Whitney foi utilizado quando a normalidade não foi satisfeita. Para variáveis categóricas utilizamos o teste Qui-quadrado ou teste exato de Fisher. O nível de significância utilizado foi de &#945; &#8805; 0,05. Para verificação de diferenças entre os escores de NFCS entre os grupos e períodos (intra grupos) foram utilizados o teste não paramétrico Mann-Whitney para duas amostras independentes e o teste não paramétrico Friedman para mais do que duas amostras dependentes, seguido de comparações múltiplas, respectivamente. Para o resultado do teste Mann Whitney e para as comparações múltiplas, o teste de Wilcoxon foi utilizado, considerando-se o ajuste do valor do nível de significância &#945;= 0,05 pelo número de comparações. O teste Mann Whitney mostrou diferenças entre os grupos e o percentual de manifestações de mímica facial, ocorrendo em proporção significativamente maior no grupo A quando comparado ao grupo B, no período basal (p=0,003), de compressão (p=0) e recuperação (p=0), ou seja, os bebês do grupo B se recuperaram melhor e mais rápido quando comparados aos bebês do grupo A. Na análise intra grupos, o teste de Friedman com &#945; = 0,005 ajustado, mostrou que para o grupo A houve diferença estatisticamente significativa em quase todos os períodos com exceção do período basal para o tratamento (p=0,010) e para o grupo B tivemos diferenças estatisticamente significativa para quase todos os períodos com exceção dos períodos basal para o tratamento (p=0,808), e da compressão para a recuperação (p=0,064). Para verificação de diferenças entre os escores de FC entre os grupos e intra grupos foi utilizada a Análise Variância com Medidas Repetidas. Como a interação foi significativa (p=0,05) testes de comparações múltiplas foram aplicados. Para comparações múltiplas entre grupos utilizou-se o teste t de "Student" para duas amostras independentes e intra grupos, o teste t de "Student" pareado para duas amostras dependentes. Em ambas as análises, o valor de &#945; foi ajustado segundo o número de comparações realizadas. Considerando os valores médios da FC, tivemos diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos A e B no período da antissepsia/ injeção (p=0,004), ou seja, os bebês do grupo A apresentaram valores maiores de FC quando comparados aos do grupo B, durante este período. Na análise intra grupos o teste t de "Student" pareado com &#945; = 0,005 ajustado mostrou diferença estatísticamente significativa em quase todos os períodos com exceção do período basal para o período de tratamento, e para o grupo B estatísticamente significativa em quase todos os períodos com exceção do período basal para o tratamento (p=0,617) e da antissepsia/ injeção para a compressão (p=0,425) . Conclui-se que a amamentação materna foi eficaz na redução das respostas relacionadas à dor decorrente da administração intramuscular da vacina contra hepatite B, pois os resultados mostraram redução da mímica facial no grupo B nos períodos de compressão e recuperação e redução nos valores da FC durante a antissepsia/ injeção, mostrando que estes bebês recuperaram-se mais rápido quando comparados aos do grupo A. / Current studies address the benefits provided by breast feeding and skin to skin contact in the relief of acute pain in new born infants (NB). Most studies that approach breast feeding as a measure of pain relief during the administration of intramuscular vaccine are carried out with babies older than 2 months of age. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of breast feeding in response to pain and stress of NB undergoing intramuscular vaccine against Hepatitis B, compared to skin-to-skin contact. This analytical experimental study is a randomized clinical trial, carried out at the Reference Center for Women Health in Ribeirão Preto - MATER, from January 2009 to May 2010. The sample consisted of 55 term NB who were randomly divided into two groups: group A (skin-to-skin contact), composed of 28 NB, who were kept for 5 minutes in an ordinary crib (baseline period), 15 minutes in skin-to-skin contact prior to the administration of the vaccine (treatment period), during the entire period of antisepsis/injection, during the compression and up to 5 minutes after the end of the procedure (recovery period); and group B (breast feeding) composed of 27 NB who were kept in an ordinary crib for 5 minutes (baseline period), 5 minutes on skinto- skin contact beginning breast feeding at the 5th minute (10 minutes in the treatment period) and being kept in this condition during antisepsis/ injection, the compression period, and recovery (5 minutes after the end of compression). The project was approved by the Ethics Research Committee of the Institution and by the Ethics Research Committee of the EERP-USP, and the Free and Informed Consent Form was signed by the mothers of the infants prior to data collection. The collection procedure consisted of monitoring the heart rate (HR) and recording images for later analysis of behavioral manifestations (facial expressions through the adapted NFCS scale) and physiological parameters of the NB. Results of groups A and B were compared in all periods. The normal distribution of quantitative variables was tested by the Kolmorogov-Smirnov test. If normally distributed, ANOVA was used. The Mann-Whitney test was used when normality was not met. For categorical variables the Chi-square test or Fisher's exact test were used. The level of significance used was &#945; &#8805; 0.05. In order to check for differences between NFCS scores between groups and periods (intra groups) nonparametric Mann-Whitney test was used for two independent samples and the Friedman nonparametric test for more than two dependent samples, followed by multiple comparisons, respectively. For the result of the Mann-Whitney test and for multiple comparisons, the Wilcoxon test was used, considering the value adjustment of the level of significance &#945; = 0.05 by the number of comparisons. Regarding checking the differences between the scores of HR between groups and intra groups, Variance Analysis with Repeated Measures was used. As the interaction was significant (p = 0.05), multiple comparison tests were applied. For multiple comparisons between groups, Student's t test was used for two independent samples and intra groups, and paired Student's t test for two dependent samples. In both analysis, the alpha value was adjusted according to the number of comparisons carried out. The significance level used was 0.05 (&#945; = 0.05). Mann- Whitney test showed differences between groups and the percentage of facial expressions, with a significantly higher occurrence in group A compared to group B, at baseline period (p = 0.003), compression (p=0) and recovery (p=0), that is, infants in group B recovered better and faster when compared to babies in group A. In the intra groups, the Friedman test with adjusted &#945; = 0.005 showed that for group A there was statistically significant difference for all periods except for baseline period for baseline treatment (p=0.010) and for group B there was statistically significant differences for all periods except baseline period for treatment (p=0.808), and compression for recovery (p=0.064). Considering the average values of HR, there was statistically significant difference between groups A and B during the antisepsis/ injection (p=0.004), that is, infants in group A had higher values of HR when compared to Group B during this period. In the intra group analysis, the paired Student's t test with adjusted &#945; = 0.005 showed statistically significant difference in all periods except the baseline period for the treatment period, and group B showed statistically significant difference in all periods except for baseline period for treatment (p=0.617) and antisepsis/injection for the compression (p=0.425). It was concluded that breast feeding was effective in reducing responses related to pain caused by intramuscular administration of hepatitis B vaccine, since the results showed reduction of facial expressions, in group B during periods of compression and recovery, and reduction in the values of HR during antisepsis/injection, showing that these babies have recovered faster when compared to Group A.

O contato pele a pele imediato entre mãe e recém-nascido (RN) constitui-se em procedimento indispensável no cuidado ao momento do nascimento, quando se trabalha sob o enfoque da humanização. Estudos atuais mencionam os efeitos proporcionados por esta terapêutica, no alívio da dor aguda em recém-nascidos (RN), porém, faz-se necessário estudar tais efeitos no momento do nascimento. O objetivo deste estudo é testar o efeito tardio do contato pele a pele ao nascer, no alívio à dor dos RN, durante a administração da vacina contra Hepatite B. Trata-se de estudo comparativo com delineamento quase-experimental. O projeto foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da EERPUSP. Os RN pertenceram a dois grupos, sendo que, o grupo A permaneceu em contato pele a pele com sua mãe por 15 minutos após o nascimento, e, o grupo B, foi diretamente encaminhado ao berço aquecido. Manifestações comportamentais como estado de sono-vigília, NFCS adaptada, tempo de choro e reflexos de Moro, foram filmados nas fases pré-injeção, procedimento (anti-sepsia, punção, injeção e compressão) e recuperação. A freqüência cardíaca (FC) foi registrada desde a fase préinjeção até o final da recuperação. A normalidade das distribuições foi testada pelo teste Kolmogorov- Smirnov. Nas comparações dos scores da NFCS e FC utilizou-se ANOVA com medidas repetidas, possibilitando a análise intra e entre grupos. Para a variável estado de sono-vigília, na comparação entre os grupos, utilizou-se o teste Mann-Whitney. Na comparação intragrupos foi utilizado o teste de Friedman seguido de Wilcoxon para comparações múltiplas, com valor ajustado para o nível de significância, segundo número de comparações. Para variáveis categóricas foi utilizado o teste Quiquadrado. Na análise da NFCS não houve efeito estatisticamente significativo da interação grupos e fases do estudo (p=0,357). Tal efeito também não foi observado na análise entre grupos, considerandose todas as fases (p=0,298). Por outro lado, constatou-se efeito estatisticamente significativo na análise intragrupos, sendo que o valor médio da NFCS na fase de procedimento, diferiu das médias nas fases pré-injeção e recuperação (p=0,000), considerando os grupos como um todo. Com relação ao estado de sono-vigília, não foi constatada diferença estatisticamente significante entre os valores medianos dos grupos durantes as três fases (p=0,29; p=1,0; p=0,14). Na análise intragrupo houve diferença significativa entre as fases de pré-injeção e procedimento (p=0,000), bem como entre as fases de procedimento e recuperação (p=0,000). Quanto ao tempo de choro, os testes não mostraram significância estatística para as diferenças constatadas entre grupos para todas as fases (p=0,18; p= 0,57; p=0,51). O grupo A apresentou mais episódios de reflexos de Moro durante todas as fases, sendo tal diferença, significativa entre os grupos (p=0,02; p=0,04; p=0,01). Na análise da FC, os valores médios foram maiores no grupo A em todas as fases. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa da interação grupos e fase do estudo (p=0,933), na análise intragrupos (p=0,075) e entre grupos (p=0,332). Não foi constatado estatisticamente o efeito tardio do contato pele a pele, na diminuição dos indicadores comportamentais e fisiológico de reatividade à dor, durante a administração da vacina contra Hepatite B. No entanto, os resultados apontam o momento de contato como de intensa modulação comportamental para os RN. Separados das mães após o período de contato, os RN choraram mais, apresentaram maiores escores do NFCS, de FC e de reflexos de Moro, sendo os últimos, estatisticamente significativos. Desta forma, ainda que o tratamento estatístico não tenha encontrado diferenças entre os grupos, clinicamente foram observadas mais alterações comportamentais e fisiológica no grupo que esteve em contato, sendo em seguida retirado da mãe. / Immediate skin-to-skin contact between mother and newborn is an essential procedure in birth care when ones work is focused on the humanization of care. Current studies address the effects of this therapeutic on the relief of acute pain in newborns, though further research on its effects at birth is needed. This study aimed to test the late effect of skin-to-skin contact at birth and on the relief of newborns pain during the administration of Hepatitis B vaccine. This is a comparative study with quasi-experimental design. The project was approved by the Research Ethics Committee at the University of Sao Paulo at Ribeirão Preto, College of Nursing. The newborns composed two groups. Group A had skin-to-skin contact with mothers for 15 minutes after birth and group B was directly sent to heated cribs. Behavioral manifestations as sleep-awake state, adapted NFCS, time spent crying and moro reflexes were video recorded in the pre-injection, procedure (antisepsis, puncture, injection and compression) and recovery stages. Cardiac frequency (FC) was registered from the pre-injection phase up to the total recovery. Normality of distributions was tested through Kolmogorov-Smirnov. ANOVA with repetitive measures was used to compare NFCS and FC scores, which permitted intra and between groups analysis. The Mann-Whitney test was used to compare the variable sleep-awake state in the comparison between groups. The Friedmans test followed by Wilcoxon for multiple comparisons with value adjusted for level of significance according to the number of comparisons were used for the intra-groups comparison. Chi-square test was used for the categorical variables. Statistically significant effect was not found for the NFCS in the groups interaction and phases of study (p=0.357). Such effect was not observed in the between groups analysis considering all phases (p=0.298). On the other hand, statistically significant effect was found in the intra-groups analysis and the average value of NFCS in the procedure phases differed from averages of the pre-injection and recovery phases (p=0.000) considering the groups as a whole. Statistically significant difference was not found in median values of groups during the three phases regarding the sleep-awake state (p=0.29; p=1.0; p=0.14). There was significant difference in the intra-groups analysis between pre-injection and procedure phases (p=0.000), and also between procedure and recovery (p=0.000). The tests did not evidence statistical significance for differences found between groups in all phases regarding time spent crying (p=0.18; p= 0.57; p=0.51). Group A presented more reflexes episodes during all phases and such difference was significant between groups (p= 0.02; p=0.04; p=0.01). In the FC analysis, the average values were higher for group A in all phases. There was no statistically significant difference of the groups interaction and phase of study (p=0.933), in the intra-groups analysis (p=0.075) and between groups (p=0.332). The effect of late skin-to-skin contact was not statistically evidenced in the reduction of behavioral indicators and physiological indicator of reactivity to pain during the administration of Hepatitis B vaccine. However, results appoint the moment of contact as intense behavioral modulation for newborns. Newborns separated from mothers after contact cried more, presented higher NFCS and FC scores and more reflexes, which were statistically significant. Therefore, even though the statistical analysis did not present differences between groups, it was possible to clinically observe more behavioral and physiological alterations in the group who was in contact with the mother and was then withdrawn.

O contato pele a pele imediato entre mãe e recém-nascido (RN) constitui-se em procedimento indispensável no cuidado ao momento do nascimento, quando se trabalha sob o enfoque da humanização. Estudos atuais mencionam os efeitos proporcionados por esta terapêutica, no alívio da dor aguda em recém-nascidos (RN), porém, faz-se necessário estudar tais efeitos no momento do nascimento. O objetivo deste estudo é testar o efeito tardio do contato pele a pele ao nascer, no alívio à dor dos RN, durante a administração da vacina contra Hepatite B. Trata-se de estudo comparativo com delineamento quase-experimental. O projeto foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da EERPUSP. Os RN pertenceram a dois grupos, sendo que, o grupo A permaneceu em contato pele a pele com sua mãe por 15 minutos após o nascimento, e, o grupo B, foi diretamente encaminhado ao berço aquecido. Manifestações comportamentais como estado de sono-vigília, NFCS adaptada, tempo de choro e reflexos de Moro, foram filmados nas fases pré-injeção, procedimento (anti-sepsia, punção, injeção e compressão) e recuperação. A freqüência cardíaca (FC) foi registrada desde a fase préinjeção até o final da recuperação. A normalidade das distribuições foi testada pelo teste Kolmogorov- Smirnov. Nas comparações dos scores da NFCS e FC utilizou-se ANOVA com medidas repetidas, possibilitando a análise intra e entre grupos. Para a variável estado de sono-vigília, na comparação entre os grupos, utilizou-se o teste Mann-Whitney. Na comparação intragrupos foi utilizado o teste de Friedman seguido de Wilcoxon para comparações múltiplas, com valor ajustado para o nível de significância, segundo número de comparações. Para variáveis categóricas foi utilizado o teste Quiquadrado. Na análise da NFCS não houve efeito estatisticamente significativo da interação grupos e fases do estudo (p=0,357). Tal efeito também não foi observado na análise entre grupos, considerandose todas as fases (p=0,298). Por outro lado, constatou-se efeito estatisticamente significativo na análise intragrupos, sendo que o valor médio da NFCS na fase de procedimento, diferiu das médias nas fases pré-injeção e recuperação (p=0,000), considerando os grupos como um todo. Com relação ao estado de sono-vigília, não foi constatada diferença estatisticamente significante entre os valores medianos dos grupos durantes as três fases (p=0,29; p=1,0; p=0,14). Na análise intragrupo houve diferença significativa entre as fases de pré-injeção e procedimento (p=0,000), bem como entre as fases de procedimento e recuperação (p=0,000). Quanto ao tempo de choro, os testes não mostraram significância estatística para as diferenças constatadas entre grupos para todas as fases (p=0,18; p= 0,57; p=0,51). O grupo A apresentou mais episódios de reflexos de Moro durante todas as fases, sendo tal diferença, significativa entre os grupos (p=0,02; p=0,04; p=0,01). Na análise da FC, os valores médios foram maiores no grupo A em todas as fases. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa da interação grupos e fase do estudo (p=0,933), na análise intragrupos (p=0,075) e entre grupos (p=0,332). Não foi constatado estatisticamente o efeito tardio do contato pele a pele, na diminuição dos indicadores comportamentais e fisiológico de reatividade à dor, durante a administração da vacina contra Hepatite B. No entanto, os resultados apontam o momento de contato como de intensa modulação comportamental para os RN. Separados das mães após o período de contato, os RN choraram mais, apresentaram maiores escores do NFCS, de FC e de reflexos de Moro, sendo os últimos, estatisticamente significativos. Desta forma, ainda que o tratamento estatístico não tenha encontrado diferenças entre os grupos, clinicamente foram observadas mais alterações comportamentais e fisiológica no grupo que esteve em contato, sendo em seguida retirado da mãe. / Immediate skin-to-skin contact between mother and newborn is an essential procedure in birth care when ones work is focused on the humanization of care. Current studies address the effects of this therapeutic on the relief of acute pain in newborns, though further research on its effects at birth is needed. This study aimed to test the late effect of skin-to-skin contact at birth and on the relief of newborns pain during the administration of Hepatitis B vaccine. This is a comparative study with quasi-experimental design. The project was approved by the Research Ethics Committee at the University of Sao Paulo at Ribeirão Preto, College of Nursing. The newborns composed two groups. Group A had skin-to-skin contact with mothers for 15 minutes after birth and group B was directly sent to heated cribs. Behavioral manifestations as sleep-awake state, adapted NFCS, time spent crying and moro reflexes were video recorded in the pre-injection, procedure (antisepsis, puncture, injection and compression) and recovery stages. Cardiac frequency (FC) was registered from the pre-injection phase up to the total recovery. Normality of distributions was tested through Kolmogorov-Smirnov. ANOVA with repetitive measures was used to compare NFCS and FC scores, which permitted intra and between groups analysis. The Mann-Whitney test was used to compare the variable sleep-awake state in the comparison between groups. The Friedmans test followed by Wilcoxon for multiple comparisons with value adjusted for level of significance according to the number of comparisons were used for the intra-groups comparison. Chi-square test was used for the categorical variables. Statistically significant effect was not found for the NFCS in the groups interaction and phases of study (p=0.357). Such effect was not observed in the between groups analysis considering all phases (p=0.298). On the other hand, statistically significant effect was found in the intra-groups analysis and the average value of NFCS in the procedure phases differed from averages of the pre-injection and recovery phases (p=0.000) considering the groups as a whole. Statistically significant difference was not found in median values of groups during the three phases regarding the sleep-awake state (p=0.29; p=1.0; p=0.14). There was significant difference in the intra-groups analysis between pre-injection and procedure phases (p=0.000), and also between procedure and recovery (p=0.000). The tests did not evidence statistical significance for differences found between groups in all phases regarding time spent crying (p=0.18; p= 0.57; p=0.51). Group A presented more reflexes episodes during all phases and such difference was significant between groups (p= 0.02; p=0.04; p=0.01). In the FC analysis, the average values were higher for group A in all phases. There was no statistically significant difference of the groups interaction and phase of study (p=0.933), in the intra-groups analysis (p=0.075) and between groups (p=0.332). The effect of late skin-to-skin contact was not statistically evidenced in the reduction of behavioral indicators and physiological indicator of reactivity to pain during the administration of Hepatitis B vaccine. However, results appoint the moment of contact as intense behavioral modulation for newborns. Newborns separated from mothers after contact cried more, presented higher NFCS and FC scores and more reflexes, which were statistically significant. Therefore, even though the statistical analysis did not present differences between groups, it was possible to clinically observe more behavioral and physiological alterations in the group who was in contact with the mother and was then withdrawn.