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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Photobiomodulation of human dermal fibroblasts in vitro: decisive role of cell culture conditions and treatment protocols on experimental outcome

Mignon, Charles, Uzunbajakava, N.E., Raafs, B., Botchkareva, Natalia V., Tobin, Desmond J. 19 April 2017 (has links)
Yes / Photobiomodulation-based (LLLT) therapies show tantalizing promise for treatment of skin diseases. Confidence in this approach is blighted however by lamentable inconsistency in published experimental designs, and so complicates interpretation. Here we interrogate the appropriateness of a range of previously-reported treatment parameters, including light wavelength, irradiance and radiant exposure, as well as cell culture conditions (e.g., serum concentration, cell confluency, medium refreshment, direct/indirect treatment, oxygen concentration, etc.), in primary cultures of normal human dermal fibroblasts exposed to visible and near infra-red (NIR) light. Apart from irradiance, all study parameters impacted significantly on fibroblast metabolic activity. Moreover, when cells were grown at atmospheric O2 levels (i.e. 20%) short wavelength light inhibited cell metabolism, while negligible effects were seen with long visible and NIR wavelength. By contrast, NIR stimulated cells when exposed to dermal tissue oxygen levels (approx. 2%). The impact of culture conditions was further seen when inhibitory effects of short wavelength light were reduced with increasing serum concentration and cell confluency. We conclude that a significant source of problematic interpretations in photobiomodulation reports derives from poor optimization of study design. Further development of this field using in vitro/ex vivo models should embrace significant standardization of study design, ideally within a design-of-experiment setting.
2

Padronização de técnicas de isolamento de células de Langerhans imaturas e desenvolvimento de um modelo tridimensional de pele humana para testes de sensibilidade in vitro / Standardization of techniques for isolation of immature Langerhans cells and development of a three-dimensional human skin model for in vitro sensibility tests

Luco, Dayane Piffer 18 September 2014 (has links)
A pele é o maior órgão do corpo humano e constitui a principal defesa do organismo contra agentes físicos e químicos, sendo também fundamental para evitar a perda de água por dessecação. Formada por três camadas distintas, mas complementares, sendo as duas principais denominadas derme e epiderme, contendo diferentes tipos celulares, como fibroblastos, queratinócitos, melanócitos, células de Merkel e células de Langerhans, sendo que estas últimas desempenham um papel fundamental na hipersensibilidade de contato. Devido à importância da manutenção da pele saudável para a vida humana, existe uma crescente necessidade da elaboração de substitutos de tecidos para o tratamento de feridos e doentes, assim como, há grande demanda de pele para testes químicos das áreas farmacêutica e cosmética. Outro fator de fundamental importância para o desenvolvimento de métodos alternativos in vitro, é a pressão mundial para que estes testes substituam os modelos animais. Esta abordagem vai de encontro aos novos conceitos de substituição, redução e refinamento na utilização de animais em estudos científicos, ditando o futuro da cultura celular e bioengenharia de tecidos. Graças ao grande desenvolvimento do cultivo celular e descoberta de que as células cultivadas podem ser reagrupadas de acordo com o delineamento experimental, se torna possível à criação de equivalentes dermoepidérmicos para estudos in vitro, como por exemplo, testes de cito e fototoxicidade ou avaliação da fase inicial da reação alérgica e processos de sensibilização da pele. Neste caso, se faz necessária a obtenção de grande quantidade de células de Langerhans imaturas. As células de Langerhans (CLs) são células dendríticas imaturas localizadas na epiderme e epitélio superficial que desempenham um papel central na imunidade da pele, agindo como verdadeiras sentinelas capazes de captar antígenos de contato. Desta forma, foram testados quatro diferentes protocolos para extração e criopreservação destas células, sendo ainda analisadas as suas características morfológicas e fenotípicas. Obtivemos resultados não expressivos quanto ao isolamento, pureza e marcação positiva para CD1a no Protocolo 2 (Expansor de Pele). Os Protocolo 1A (Coleta de Sobrenadante) e 3 (Epiderme + Gradiente de Ficoll Paque) ofereceram altos níveis de células marcadas positivamente para CD1a, apresentando a mesma qualidade de marcação. No entanto, o Protocolo 3 forneceu um maior número de células viáveis, e uma maior pureza da amostra, uma vez que só utiliza a epiderme para a obtenção da suspensão de células, o que o coloca como modelo a ser seguido em posteriores experimentos. Os métodos aqui apontados como mais promissores, podem ser reproduzidos em laboratórios de cultura celular convencionais, contribuindo para aumentar a reprodutibilidade e confiabilidade de resultados experimentais relativos às CLs. Da mesma forma, avaliamos a utilização dos equivalentes de pele humana para a realização de testes in vitro de cito e fototoxicidade, os quais podem de fato reduzir a utilização de modelos animais para identificação do perfil tóxico de uma substância ou de formulações mais complexas. / The skin is the largest organ from the human body and constitutes the main protection of the organism against physical and chemical agents and it is also fundamental to avoid water loss by desiccation. Formed by three distinct stratus, yet complementary, being the two main called dermis and epidermis, containing different cell types, as fibroblasts, keratinocytes, melanocytes, Merkel cells and Langerhans cells (LCs), being these latter fundamental in the contact hypersensitivity. Due to the importance of the healthy skin maintenance to the human´s life, there is a growing need of elaboration of skin models to the treatment of injured and diseased, as well as there is a big demand of skin models to chemical tests from the pharmaceutics and cosmetology fields. Another factor of fundamental importance to the development of alternative in vitro methods is the worldwide pressure for these tests to replace animal models. This approach meets new concepts of replacement, reduction and refinement in the use of animals in scientific studies, dictating the future of cell culture and bioengineering of skin models. Thanks to the large development of cell culture and the discovery that the cultured cells can be regrouped according to the experimental delineation, the creation of skin models to in vitro studies is made possible, as for instance, tests of cytotoxicity and phototoxicity or evaluation of the initial phase from the allergic reaction and processes of skin sensitization. In this case, it is necessary the achievement of a large amount of immature Langerhans cells. The LCs are immature dendritic cells located in the epidermis and superficial epithelium that perform a central role in the skin immunity, acting as real sentinels able to collect contact antigens. Accordingly, were tested four different protocols for extraction and cryopreservation of these cells, and further analyzed its morphological and phenotypic features. We obtained no significant results in relation to the isolation, purity and CD1a positive expression in the Protocol 2. The Protocols 1A and 3 offered high levels of CD1a positively marked cells, showing the same expression levels. However, the Protocol 3 provided a bigger number of viable cells and a high purity yield, since it only uses the epidermis to obtain the single cell suspension, which places it as a model to be followed in subsequent experiments. The methods appointed here as the most promising, can be reproduced in conventional cell culture labs, contributing to increase the reproducibility and reliability of experimental results related to the LCs. In the same way, we evaluated the use of the human skin equivalents to the accomplishment of in vitro tests of cyto and phototoxicity, which can in fact reduce the use of animal models to the identification of single substances toxicity or even complex formulations.
3

Padronização de técnicas de isolamento de células de Langerhans imaturas e desenvolvimento de um modelo tridimensional de pele humana para testes de sensibilidade in vitro / Standardization of techniques for isolation of immature Langerhans cells and development of a three-dimensional human skin model for in vitro sensibility tests

Dayane Piffer Luco 18 September 2014 (has links)
A pele é o maior órgão do corpo humano e constitui a principal defesa do organismo contra agentes físicos e químicos, sendo também fundamental para evitar a perda de água por dessecação. Formada por três camadas distintas, mas complementares, sendo as duas principais denominadas derme e epiderme, contendo diferentes tipos celulares, como fibroblastos, queratinócitos, melanócitos, células de Merkel e células de Langerhans, sendo que estas últimas desempenham um papel fundamental na hipersensibilidade de contato. Devido à importância da manutenção da pele saudável para a vida humana, existe uma crescente necessidade da elaboração de substitutos de tecidos para o tratamento de feridos e doentes, assim como, há grande demanda de pele para testes químicos das áreas farmacêutica e cosmética. Outro fator de fundamental importância para o desenvolvimento de métodos alternativos in vitro, é a pressão mundial para que estes testes substituam os modelos animais. Esta abordagem vai de encontro aos novos conceitos de substituição, redução e refinamento na utilização de animais em estudos científicos, ditando o futuro da cultura celular e bioengenharia de tecidos. Graças ao grande desenvolvimento do cultivo celular e descoberta de que as células cultivadas podem ser reagrupadas de acordo com o delineamento experimental, se torna possível à criação de equivalentes dermoepidérmicos para estudos in vitro, como por exemplo, testes de cito e fototoxicidade ou avaliação da fase inicial da reação alérgica e processos de sensibilização da pele. Neste caso, se faz necessária a obtenção de grande quantidade de células de Langerhans imaturas. As células de Langerhans (CLs) são células dendríticas imaturas localizadas na epiderme e epitélio superficial que desempenham um papel central na imunidade da pele, agindo como verdadeiras sentinelas capazes de captar antígenos de contato. Desta forma, foram testados quatro diferentes protocolos para extração e criopreservação destas células, sendo ainda analisadas as suas características morfológicas e fenotípicas. Obtivemos resultados não expressivos quanto ao isolamento, pureza e marcação positiva para CD1a no Protocolo 2 (Expansor de Pele). Os Protocolo 1A (Coleta de Sobrenadante) e 3 (Epiderme + Gradiente de Ficoll Paque) ofereceram altos níveis de células marcadas positivamente para CD1a, apresentando a mesma qualidade de marcação. No entanto, o Protocolo 3 forneceu um maior número de células viáveis, e uma maior pureza da amostra, uma vez que só utiliza a epiderme para a obtenção da suspensão de células, o que o coloca como modelo a ser seguido em posteriores experimentos. Os métodos aqui apontados como mais promissores, podem ser reproduzidos em laboratórios de cultura celular convencionais, contribuindo para aumentar a reprodutibilidade e confiabilidade de resultados experimentais relativos às CLs. Da mesma forma, avaliamos a utilização dos equivalentes de pele humana para a realização de testes in vitro de cito e fototoxicidade, os quais podem de fato reduzir a utilização de modelos animais para identificação do perfil tóxico de uma substância ou de formulações mais complexas. / The skin is the largest organ from the human body and constitutes the main protection of the organism against physical and chemical agents and it is also fundamental to avoid water loss by desiccation. Formed by three distinct stratus, yet complementary, being the two main called dermis and epidermis, containing different cell types, as fibroblasts, keratinocytes, melanocytes, Merkel cells and Langerhans cells (LCs), being these latter fundamental in the contact hypersensitivity. Due to the importance of the healthy skin maintenance to the human´s life, there is a growing need of elaboration of skin models to the treatment of injured and diseased, as well as there is a big demand of skin models to chemical tests from the pharmaceutics and cosmetology fields. Another factor of fundamental importance to the development of alternative in vitro methods is the worldwide pressure for these tests to replace animal models. This approach meets new concepts of replacement, reduction and refinement in the use of animals in scientific studies, dictating the future of cell culture and bioengineering of skin models. Thanks to the large development of cell culture and the discovery that the cultured cells can be regrouped according to the experimental delineation, the creation of skin models to in vitro studies is made possible, as for instance, tests of cytotoxicity and phototoxicity or evaluation of the initial phase from the allergic reaction and processes of skin sensitization. In this case, it is necessary the achievement of a large amount of immature Langerhans cells. The LCs are immature dendritic cells located in the epidermis and superficial epithelium that perform a central role in the skin immunity, acting as real sentinels able to collect contact antigens. Accordingly, were tested four different protocols for extraction and cryopreservation of these cells, and further analyzed its morphological and phenotypic features. We obtained no significant results in relation to the isolation, purity and CD1a positive expression in the Protocol 2. The Protocols 1A and 3 offered high levels of CD1a positively marked cells, showing the same expression levels. However, the Protocol 3 provided a bigger number of viable cells and a high purity yield, since it only uses the epidermis to obtain the single cell suspension, which places it as a model to be followed in subsequent experiments. The methods appointed here as the most promising, can be reproduced in conventional cell culture labs, contributing to increase the reproducibility and reliability of experimental results related to the LCs. In the same way, we evaluated the use of the human skin equivalents to the accomplishment of in vitro tests of cyto and phototoxicity, which can in fact reduce the use of animal models to the identification of single substances toxicity or even complex formulations.
4

In vitro modely kožní bariéry / In vitro models of skin barrier

Šimek, Matěj January 2021 (has links)
Charles University Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of Pharmaceutical Technology Candidate: Matěj Šimek Consultant: doc. Dr. rer. nat. Mgr. Jarmila Zbytovská Title of thesis: In vitro models of skin barrier The aim of this work is to summarize information about various types of skin models which are used for testing of permeability, toxicity, irritability and other aspects of drugs, through professional, verified and reviewed literature. These characteristics are necessary to know in order to grant optimal safety, effectiveness nad quality of transdermally administered drugs. Transdermal administration of drugs has got lots of benefits in contrast with classic peroral administration. An administration of drugs through this way is quite simple and it can be interrupted quite easily. We can also easily change a place of administration in which a drug is released and the risk of overdosing is very low. Furthermore, transdermal administration makes possible to maintain constant plasmatic concentration of drug in a blood stream and also to prolong the duration of effect of drugs with small halftime thanks to constant releasing of drug. And primarily, transdermally administered drug normally avoids the "first-pass" effect of liver, so the dose of drug can be lowered. The risk of drug...
5

Skin Models for Screening of Topical Delivery

Carlsson, Johanna January 2020 (has links)
The interest of drug delivery via the skin is progressively increasing due to its convenience and affordability. However, the skin has an effective barrier function which hinders drugs to penetrate. This can be overcome, using topical formulations, which contain vehicles optimized for penetration into skin or permeation through skin into underlying tissues or blood stream. In development of transdermal drugs, ex-vivo skin models are frequently used for permeability studies. However, these models may suffer from limited reproducibility, due to their biological variability, and are related to ethical issues. This has led to development of in-vitro skin models. These new skin models need to be verified by comparison to the existing models before applied in drug studies. In this project, penetration and permeation of proteins and small molecules was studied using an ex-vivo pig skin model. The effect of topical formulations and penetration enhancers was also investigated. The results showed a significant increase in penetration and permeation in the absence of stratum corneum, proving its barrier effect. While no significant differences could be seen regarding molecule size in the presence of stratum corneum (intact skin model), there was significantly less permeation measured for large protein molecules tested than for smaller tested compounds in the absence of the stratum corneum (damaged skin model). The permeation and penetration were slightly increased in presence of the penetration enhancing limonene oil. / Intresset för läkemedel som tas upp genom huden ökar ständigt eftersom administreringen är både bekväm och lättillgänglig. Däremot har huden en effektiv barriärfunktion, vilket hindrar penetration av läkemedlen. För att lösa detta problem kan läkemedlen presenteras i olika formuleringar, vilka innehåller transportmedel anpassade för att öka penetrationen in i huden eller permeationen genom huden, till underliggande vävnad samt blodomloppet. Vid utvecklandet av läkemedel som ska tas upp genom huden används ofta ex-vivo hudmodeller i penetrations- och permeationsstudier. Dessa modeller kan emellertid ha otillräcklig reproducerbarhet, på grund av biologisk variation, samt är kopplade till etiska problem. Detta har lett till utvecklandet av hudmodeller av in-vitro typ. Dessa nya hudmodeller måste verifieras genom jämförelse med existerande modeller, innan de används i läkemedelsstudier. I det här projektet studerades penetration och permeation av proteiner och små molekyler i en ex-vivo hudmodell från gris. Effekten av olika formuleringar och penetrationsförstärkare undersöktes också. Resultaten visade en signifikant ökning av penetration och permeation vid avsaknad av stratum corneum, vilket påvisar dess barriärfunktion. Samtidigt som ingen märkbar skillnad gällande molekylstorlek kunde urskiljas vid närvaro av stratum corneum (intakt hudmodell), var permeationen av större molekyler tydligt minskad i jämförelse med små molekyler vid avsaknad av stratum corneum (skadad hudmodell). Både penetrationen och permeationen var svagt förhöjda vid närvaro av penetrationsförstärkaren limonen.

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