Le Cambrien basal (Étage Fortunien, env. 535 Ma) de la Formation de Kuanchuanpu dans la Province chinoise du Shaanxi, contient une grande variété de Small Shelly Fossils (SSF) préservés grâce à une phosphatisation secondaire. On y trouve les éléments exosquelettiques de groups animaux très variés mais également des embryons et stades larvaires conservés en trois dimensions et interprétés par les auteurs précédents comme de possible cnidaires. Cette faune dans son ensemble est une source d’informations exceptionnelle sur les toutes premières étapes de la diversification animal avant qu’elle n’atteigne son plein développement (ex : au cours du Cambrien inférieur, Série 2, Étage 3). Nous avons exploré ici la morphologie de ces organismes fossiles submillimétriques au moyen de la Microscopie Électronique à Balayage (SEM) et de techniques microtomographiques aux rayons X (Computed X-ray Microtomography, XTM et Synchrotron X-ray Microtomography, SRXTM), testé les hypothèses concernant leurs possibles affinités avec les cnidaires et analysé leur possible relations phylogénétiques avec les groups actuels de cnidaires. Parmi ces fossiles, certains (ex : Olivooides et formes apparentées) peuvent être raisonnablement considérées comme des cnidaires sur la base de leur anatomie interne, leur symétrie radiale et leurs caractères externes, et pourraient appartenir au groupes-souche des Scyphozoa, Cubozoa et Anthozoa. Des représentants des groupescouronne Scyphozoa, Cubozoa, Anthozoa et Hydrozoa semblent apparaître plus tard dans l’évolution des cnidaires (pas avant le Cambrien inférieur Série 2, Étage 3) comme l’indiquent les méduses du gisement exceptionnel (Lagerstätte) de Chengjiang (env. 521 Ma) qui ressemblent en tout point aux méduses actuelles et possédaient déjà un système sensorial sophistiqué. Notre étude met en lumière une série de caractères atypiques chez les cnidaires ancestraux de Kuanchuanpu: 1) la coexistence de divers modes de symétrie, 2) la prédominance de la symétrie pentaradiale, 3) l’existence d’un mode de développement direct (apparemment sans larve planula) contrastant ainsi avec tous les cnidaires actuels et 4) une taille corporelle très petite compatible avec un mode de vie meiobenthique / The lowermost Cambrian (Fortunian Stage; ca. 535 Ma) Kuanchuanpu Formation from China contains a great variety of secondarily phosphatized Small Shelly Fossils such as exoskeletal elements of various animal groups but also yields three-dimension allypreserved embryos and larval stages interpreted as cnidarians by previous authors. This biota is an exceptional source of information on the early steps of animal biodiversification before its full development (e.g. early Cambrian, Series 2, Stage 3).We explored the morphology of these sub-millimetric fossil organisms by means of Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Computed X-ray Microtomography (XTM) and Synchrotron X-ray Microtomography (SRXTM), and tested their cnidarian affinities and analyzed their possible relation to modern cnidarian groups. Some of them (e.g.Olivooides and related forms) can be reasonably considered as cnidarians based on their internal anatomy, radial symmetry and external features, and may belong to the stem groups Scyphozoa, Cubozoa and Anthozoa. Crown-group scyphozoans,cubozoans, anthozoans and hydrozoans seem to appear later in the evolution of cnidarians, not before Stage 3, Series 2 of the early Cambrian as indicated by the jellyfish from the Chengjiang Lagerstätte (ca. 521 Ma) which closely resemble modern tetraradial medusae and possessed sophisticated sensory organs. Our study highlights some important “atypical” features of the ancestral cnidarians from the Kuanchuanpubiota such as 1) the co-existence of diverse symmetry patterns, 2) the prevalence of pentaradial symmetry, 3) a possible direct development (with no planula larva) contrasting with all modern cnidarians and 4) a small body size consistent with ameiobenthic lifestyle

The origin of many lophotrochozoan groups can be traced to “small shelly fossil” (SSF) faunas of the Early Cambrian. Antarctica is a key region of study, due to the continent’s known close geographical proximity to well-studied Australian and Indian basins in in the Cambrian. Few studies have focused on this region however, due to a paucity of data. Re-examination of camenellan sclerites from the Early Cambrian Shackleton Limestone of the Churchill Mountains of Antarctica has revealed a previously unidentified species of Dailyatia in the formation, co-occurring alongside previously described Dailyatia odyssei Evans and Rowell, 1990, as in the Arrowie Basin of Australia. Re-examination of material previously described as Kennardia sp. A and Kennardia sp. B has indicated that these taxa can likely be synonymized as a second species of Dailyatia. Dailyatia sclerites were also found in the temporally equivalent “Schneider Hills Limestone” formation, which cropsout in the Argentina Range of Antarctica. These specimens appear to belongto a third species of Dailyatia, suggesting that the spatial distribution of tommotiids in the Early Cambrian was more complex than previously recognized, and that the group may be useful in future biostratigraphic studies. A study ofthe Middle Cambrian (Drumian Stage) Nelson Limestone Formation of the Neptune Range, Antarctica has revealed a moderately diverse brachiopod and trilobite fauna. The brachiopods have strong faunal links to taxa from South Australia and India, as well as other parts of the Antarctic province, fitting independent strong evidence for a united East Gondwanan region in the Middle Cambrian. An unidentified camenellan tommotiid sclerite is also described from the Nelson Limestone. This extends the worldwide temporal range of the tommotiid clade into the Drumian Stage, and suggests that more basal members of the brachiopod stem-group survived to form part of a more diverse Middle Cambrian fauna.

<p>Small shelly fossils are common in sediments of Early Cambrian age and include the earliest common representatives of metazoan animals with mineralized hard parts. The group includes fossils of very different morphology, composition and ultrastructure. They seem to represent skeletal remains of numerous animal groups, the biological affinities of which are largely unresolved. However, the wide geographic range of many forms has the potential to enhance biostratigraphic and palaeogeographic resolution in the Early Cambrian. </p><p>The late Early Cambrian sequence of North-East Greenland has yielded an assemblage of more than 88 species of small shelly fossils, brachiopods and trilobites, indicative of a middle Dyeran age (Botoman equivalent). The recovered fossils include a number of species that are known from other Early Cambrian palaeocontinents, and particularly strong ties to late Early Cambrian faunas of Australia are documented. The many cosmopolitan taxa thus identified suggests a close juxtaposition of palaeocontinents at this time. </p><p>The systematic affinity of many of these small shelly fossils is poorly understood, partly because of their fragmentary nature and poor preservation. However, new data from North-East Greenland improves our understanding of the function and biological affinity of certain taxa. Collections of the problematic fossil <i>Mongolitubulus</i> from North and North-East Greenland exhibit characters indicative of a defensive function as spines of bivalved arthropods, while species of the problematic genus <i>Triplicatella</i> represent the opercula of an unknown tubular shell, probably related to orthothecid hyoliths. The bivalved fossil <i>Mickwitzia</i> from North-East Greenland combines characters of linguliform brachiopods and sclerites of <i>Micrina</i>, a non-bivalved problematic form (halkieriid) from Australia. The combination suggests that <i>Mickwitzia</i> is a stem group brachiopod and strengthens arguments for a halkieriid ancestry of the brachiopod phylum.</p>

Small shelly fossils are common in sediments of Early Cambrian age and include the earliest common representatives of metazoan animals with mineralized hard parts. The group includes fossils of very different morphology, composition and ultrastructure. They seem to represent skeletal remains of numerous animal groups, the biological affinities of which are largely unresolved. However, the wide geographic range of many forms has the potential to enhance biostratigraphic and palaeogeographic resolution in the Early Cambrian. The late Early Cambrian sequence of North-East Greenland has yielded an assemblage of more than 88 species of small shelly fossils, brachiopods and trilobites, indicative of a middle Dyeran age (Botoman equivalent). The recovered fossils include a number of species that are known from other Early Cambrian palaeocontinents, and particularly strong ties to late Early Cambrian faunas of Australia are documented. The many cosmopolitan taxa thus identified suggests a close juxtaposition of palaeocontinents at this time. The systematic affinity of many of these small shelly fossils is poorly understood, partly because of their fragmentary nature and poor preservation. However, new data from North-East Greenland improves our understanding of the function and biological affinity of certain taxa. Collections of the problematic fossil Mongolitubulus from North and North-East Greenland exhibit characters indicative of a defensive function as spines of bivalved arthropods, while species of the problematic genus Triplicatella represent the opercula of an unknown tubular shell, probably related to orthothecid hyoliths. The bivalved fossil Mickwitzia from North-East Greenland combines characters of linguliform brachiopods and sclerites of Micrina, a non-bivalved problematic form (halkieriid) from Australia. The combination suggests that Mickwitzia is a stem group brachiopod and strengthens arguments for a halkieriid ancestry of the brachiopod phylum.