<p dir="ltr">In this dissertation, efforts and innovations are made to advance subtle pattern mining, edge computing, and system efficiency optimization for biomedical applications, thereby advancing precision medicine big data.</p><p dir="ltr">Brain visual dynamics encode rich functional and biological patterns of the neural system, promising for applications like intention decoding, cognitive load quantization and neural disorder measurement. We here focus on the understanding of the brain visual dynamics for the Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) population. We leverage a deep learning framework for automatic feature learning and classification, which can translate the eye Electrooculography (EOG) signal to meaningful words. We then build an edge computing platform on the smart phone, for learning, visualization, and decoded word demonstration, all in real-time. In a further study, we have leveraged deep transfer learning to boost EOG decoding effectiveness. More specifically, the model trained on basic eye movements is leveraged and treated as an additional feature extractor when classifying the signal to the meaningful word, resulting in higher accuracy.</p><p dir="ltr">Efforts are further made to decoding functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) signal, which encodes rich brain dynamics like the cognitive load. We have proposed a novel Multi-view Multi-channel Graph Neural Network (mmGNN). More specifically, we propose to mine the multi-channel fNIRS dynamics with a multi-stage GNN that can effectively extract the channel- specific patterns, propagate patterns among channels, and fuse patterns for high-level abstraction. Further, we boost the learning capability with multi-view learning to mine pertinent patterns in temporal, spectral, time-frequency, and statistical domains.</p><p dir="ltr">Massive-device systems, like wearable massive-sensor computers and Internet of Things (IoTs), are promising in the era of big data. The crucial challenge is about how to maximize the efficiency under coupling constraints like energy budget, computing, and communication. We propose a deep reinforcement learning framework, with a pattern booster and a learning adaptor. This framework has demonstrated optimally maximizes the energy utilization and computing efficiency on the local massive devices under a one-center fifteen-device circumstance.</p><p dir="ltr">Our research and findings are expected to greatly advance the intelligent, real-time, and efficient big data harnessing, leveraging deep learning, edge computing, and efficiency optimization.</p>